Week 3: Neuroscience Flashcards
What is the smallest building blocks?
neurons
3 types of neurons
- Sensory
- Motor
- Interneurons
3 parts of a neuron
dendrite, cell body, and axon
A gap between 2 neurons is called what?
a synapse
What are the jobs of the 3 parts of the neurons?
dendrites: receives info from other neurons
cell body: processes info
axon: sends info to other neurons
What is the first step of neural communication?
A message opens the gates and ions w/ positive charges enter
“firing” is what?
when the positive charges fire through the axon
What do terminal buttons release?
neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters crosses synapses into what?
a second neuron
Neurotransmitters decides if it fires or not how fast?
milliseconds
What carries excitatory or inhibitory messages?
neurotransmitters
Neurons combine and calculate messages for an outcome where?
the cell body
What are the 3 ways extra neurotransmitters are disposed of? what do they do?
- Auto receptors- detects when enough neurotransmitters are released
- Reuptake- neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by presynaptic terminal buttons
- Enzyme deactivation- enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters
Communication in neurons is what, while communications between neurons are what?
electrical; chemical
True or False: The brain uses an electrochemical system.
True
Electrical systems are good at what, while chemical systems are good at what?
transmitting simple info quickly; disseminating complex info
What are the 2 main branches of the peripheral nervous system?
autonomic and somatic
The autonomic system has what 2 divisions?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Which system regulates organs and glands involuntarily?
autonomic
What system activates the body for action while what system prepares the body for rest?
sympathetic; parasympathetic
The somatic system does what?
Transmits sensory info from organ to brain and motor commands from brain to muscles
What are the different types of neurons?
1.Mechanoreceptors- feels pressure on skin
2. Proprioceptors- position of body/muscles
3. Thermoreceptors- external temperature
4. Nociceptors- senses pain
What system is the body’s hormone system?
endocrine system
The pituitary gland is in what system?
endocrine system
The master gland is also known as what?
the pituitary gland
What controls the pituitary gland?
the hypothalamus
True or False: Hormones are faster and more reaching.
False
What are some examples of what the endocrine system regulates?
sex, eating, sleeping, aggression, socializing, and parenting
The brain evolved from bottom and what?
inside out
What areas of the brain control the more complex functions?
higher and outer
What are the 3 principles of brain function?
- hierarchical organization
- Localization of function
- distributed processing
What are the 3 parts of the brain?
Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
Which part of the brain controls basic life functions?
hindbrain
The hindbrain has what 3 anatomical structures?
Medulla, cerebellum, and pons
Motor skill is controlled by what in the hindbrain?
cerebellum
heart rate, circulation, and respiration are controlled by what?
medulla
Pons relays information from the cerebellum to the forebrain to regulate what?
sleeping and dreaming
Motivation and reward are associated with which part of the brain?
Midbrain
what are the 2 parts of the midbrain?
tectum and tegmentum
True or False: The Tectum orients a person to their environment.
True
True or False: The midbrain controls the complex and emotional function of the brain.
False
What is also known as the sensory switchboard of the forebrain?
thalamus
what is the only sense that has a direct connection to the cerebral cortex?
smell
Who sends sensory information to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
the limbic system is involved in what functions?
motivation, emotion, learning, and memory
The hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala are in what system?
limbic system
What are the 4 F’s the hypothalamus is in charge of?
fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating
Emotions are involved in what part of the limbic system?
amyglada
Short term memories to long term memories are involved in what part of the limbic system?
hippocampus
What is the term for when each hemisphere in the cerebral cortex controls the opposite side of the body?
contralateral control
What connects both hemispheres?
corpus callosum
How many lobes are in the cerebral cortex?
4
Which lobe processes the visual information?
occipital lobe
Which lobe processes touch and movement?
parietal lobe
Which lobe processes abstract thinking, planning, and judgement?
frontal lobe
the orbitofrontal cortex deals with what?
personality and emotion
Which lobe processes sounds, object, and facial recognition?
Temporal lobe
True or False: Boccas area deals with language comprehension.
False; language production
Damage to the temporal lobe can lead to what?
object agnosia
True or False: Wernicke’s area deals with language comprehension
true
