Week 2: Research Methods Flashcards
The scientific method is grounded in?
systematic behaviors
what are the 3 sections of the scientific method?
Theoretical, empirical, and analytical
A hypothesis or theory must be what?
falsifiable
What is the operation definition of empirical?
specific, concrete, quantifiable descriptions of how you’re going to study the variables
Studies must be easy to what?
replicate
Studies must have high what?
reliability and validity (consistency and accuracy)
Description of case studies
-1 person studied
-can’t use the info to generalize everyone
- can be a source of a new hypothesis
Observing people in their own natural enviorment is what type of studies?
naturalistic observation
Observing people in their own natural environment is what type of studies?
naturalistic observation
What is a pro and a con of naturalistic observation?
Pros: See real life behavior
Con: no conclusion about cause and affect due to only seeing observable behavior
surveys and questionaries pros and cons?
pros:
-cheap and easy
-ask ppl directly about themselves
Cons:
-lying
-ppl might not have self awareness
Corrrelational studies show what?
the relationship between 2 variables
what are the types of correlational relationships?
positive, negative, zero or near zero
r stands for what?
correlational coefficent
True or False: Correlation is causation
false
What is a directionality problem?
when Z causes X or Y
What is a variable?
anything that can vary between people or between groups in an experiment
what is an experiment?
a study that investigates the casual effect of 1 variable onn another
What is the only type of study that shows us cause and effect?
correlational study
The independent variable is what while the dependent variable is what?
IV: what is manipulated, DV: what is measured
In a study you need what 2 types of groups?
control and experimental
A what study prevents expectancy effects?
double-blind
Good experiments maximize what?
internal and external validity?
What variable could mess up an experiment?
confound
What is the solution to a confound variable?
random assingment
3 ways to guarantee identical control and experiment group?
- Calculate the like hood that random assignment has failed (less than 5%)
- Make large groups
- Make it replicable
Random selection is what while random assignment is what?
external validity; internal validity
What are cons of expirements
- Artificial conditions
- Ethical/ moral reasons
