Week 3 Midterm

Question 1

How many pre and post ganglionic fibers does the sympathetic nervous system have and what are the effects?

Answer 1

-The sympathetic nervous system has 1 preganglionic fiber to 20 postganglionic fibers – widespread effects – fast acting

Question 2

How many pre and post ganglionic fibers does the parasympathetic nervous system have and what are the effects?

Answer 2

-The parasympathetic nervous system has 1 preganglionic fiber to 1 postganglionic fiber- localized effects- slower acting

Question 3

What kind of feedback do individuals who use Biofeedback get?

Answer 3

-Through the use of instrumentation individuals receive audio and visual feedback to modify their behaviors and physiological functioning.

Question 4

What is the objective of biofeedback?

Answer 4

-The objective of biofeedback is to help the person develop greater awareness and voluntary control over their physiological processes that are otherwise outside awareness or under less voluntary control by first controlling the external signal and then by use of internal psychophysiological cues

Question 5

What are the biofeedback treatment goals?

Answer 5

-Increase relaxation
-Reduce symptoms: headache, pain, anxiety
-Improve self-regulation and increase awareness of physiological states
-Improve mastery feeling of self-efficacy in coping

Question 6

Does Biofeedback give instant results?

Answer 6

-While patients may observe immediate physiological changes, practice tends to have a cumulative effect

Question 7

What does respiration Biofeedback entail?

Answer 7

-Breathing rate & amplitude
-Diaphragmatic breathing increases the PNS
-Identifies hyperventilation

Question 8

What is the objective of SEMG biofeedback?

Answer 8

-Teaches muscle relaxation and reduces pain and dysfunction from muscular asymmetry.
- Muscle activity is reflected in electrical signals reported as microvolts.
- Objective is to reduce the MV reading by relaxing specific muscles below the surface electrodes.

Question 9

How does Thermal biofeedback work?

Answer 9

-Thermistor is taped to finger to measure skin temperature
-Measures vasoconstriction which typically reflects sympathetic arousal.

Question 10

What is the goal of thermal biofeedback?

Answer 10

-Goal is to raise skin temperature in the extremities by becoming more relaxed thus evening out blood flow

Question 11

How does skin conductance biofeedback work?

Answer 11

-Provides information about sweat gland activity in the hands is an indirect measure of limbic system activation.

Question 12

What does skin conductance biofeedback treat and what is the goal?

Answer 12

-Used to treat anxiety and phobias
-Self-calming is the goal
-Good for desensitization training

Question 13

How does heart rate variability biofeedback work?

Answer 13

-Using breathing at particular rates people can maximize respiratory sinus arrhythmia by the influence of respiration on the baroflex which modulates autonomic reactivity

Question 14

How is heart rate impacted in heart rate variability biofeedback?

Answer 14

-Heart rate is completely in phase with breathing and completely out of phase with blood pressure.

Question 15

What is possible mechanism I in heart rate variability biofeedback?

Answer 15

-Restores autonomic balance/homeostasis

Question 16

What is possible mechanism II in heart rate variability biofeedback?

Answer 16

-Works by promoting diaphragmatic breathing which in turn stimulates the vagal afferent nerve.

Question 17

What is level 5 efficacy rating in biofeedback?

Answer 17

-Level 5 efficacy rating indicates that treatment has been shown to be statistically superior to placebo or alternative treatments in at least two independent studies.

Question 18

What conditions have level 5 efficacy rating in biofeedback?

Answer 18

• TTH
• Migraine
• Nocturnal enuresis
• Fecal/urinary incontinence
• Other pelvic floor disorders
• Essential Hypertension
• Phantom limb pain

Question 19

What is level 4 efficacy rating in biofeedback?

Answer 19

Indicates treatment has been show effective in comparison with no treatment control group alternative treatment group or placebo control utilizing randomized assignment the investigation treatment is equivalent to a treatment of establish efficacy in a study with sufficient power.

Question 20

What conditions have level 4 efficacy rating in biofeedback?

Answer 20

• Anxiety Disorders
• ADHD
• Nausea/Vomiting
• IBS
• Asthma
• TMJ & Bruxism
• Tinnitus
• Chronic Pain/Fibromyalgia
• Hyperventilation
• Raynaud’s disease

Question 21

What conditions can result from a TBI?

Answer 21

-Migraine type HA
-Attention/Concentration problems
-Dizziness
-Photophobia
-Phonophobia
-Difficulty communicating
-Difficulty with long and short term memory
-Difficultly with executive functioning

Question 22

Who is a good candidate for biofeedback?

Answer 22

-Those who wish to gain a greater sense of self efficacy and want to be more active participants in improving their health
-Those who hope to avoid long-term medications
-Pregnant women
-Those who suffer from anxiety, including relaxation induced anxiety

Question 23

How often should biofeedback be done?

Answer 23

-2x/day for 10 minutes
-Analogous with PT
-Use Reward
-Environmental cues
-Setting alarm reminders
-Premack’s principle - more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors.
-Learning through repeated association- it can be conditioned