Week 1 Midterm

Question 1

How was the mind body problem view during the Dark Ages?

Answer 1

Folk Medicine, prayer, exorcisms, and religion prevailed

Question 2

How did Christianity view the mind body problem?

Answer 2

• Christian doctrine view the body as weak and an imperfect vessel of the soul
• Mind and behavior had to do with religion and were domain of the church

Question 3

Did Christianity promote a monolistic or dualistic view?

Answer 3

• Dualistic view that separated mind and body

Question 4

What did the scientific approach to disease do?

Answer 4

• Began focusing on biological processes singularly

Question 5

Define the mind body problem

Answer 5

The mind body problem is the problem of explaining how our mental states, beliefs, and thinking are related to physical states

Question 6

Define the Materialist/Monoist View

Answer 6

There is only one substance which is physical/material thus mind and body are both physical meaning that mind and body can impact one another

Question 7

Define the Dualist View

Answer 7

The belief that mental states are only able to affect other mental states, and physical states can only affect other physical states
(sees mind and body as separate entities)

Question 8

What is the Philosophy of the Mind Body Problem?

Answer 8

-The mind and soul are nonphysical, and the body is a physical object
- A nonphysical/spirit cannot interact with physical objects this means that mind cannot affect body

Question 9

What is Cartesian Philosophy?

Answer 9

It is a dualistic philosophy created by Rene Descarte which describes the distinction between mind and body

Question 10

What does Cartisianism emphasize?

Answer 10

It emphasizes the distinction between the observer and the observed which support the notion of objectivity

Question 11

What is the dominant paradigm used to explain, describe, and understand reality through science?

Answer 11

Cartesian World View

Question 12

What is the biomedical model based on?

Answer 12

Cartesian Philosophy

Question 13

How does reductionism view humans?

Answer 13

It simplifies complex human experiences. The human body is like a machine and brain a computer responding to numerous neural impulses

Question 14

What is the problem with reductionism?

Answer 14

While it does offer deep understanding in some areas, it strips humans of autonomy, free will, and individual responsibility.

Question 15

What did John Dewey do/believe?

Answer 15

He challenged Cartesian dualism and conceptualized a “body-self”. He believed that we are beings in the world connected with the world.

Question 16

What did Emerson do/believe?

Answer 16

-He believed that knowledge of self and knowledge of nature are the same.
-Mind body and world are inseparably interdependent (relied on each other)

Question 17

Define World View

Answer 17

Collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or group often it is unexamined or unquestioned.

Question 18

What are the ways of knowing?

Answer 18

Science is 1 way of knowing but it only knows what it knows. Other ways of knowing are intuition, tradition, folk wisdom, and personal experience.

Question 19

Why was the biomedical model devised?

Answer 19

The biomedical model was devised by medical science to study disease.

Question 20

What is the biomedical model?

Answer 20

It is a scientific model and shares a set of assumptions and rules based on the scientific method.

Question 21

What is a model?

Answer 21

A model is a belief system used to explain natural phenomenon.

Question 22

What is a folk model?

Answer 22

A folk model is a culturally derived belief system.

Question 23

When is a model revised?

Answer 23

In science a model is revised when it fails to account adequately for all the data.

Question 24

What is dogma?

Answer 24

Dogma requires discrepant data to be forced to fit the model or else it is excluded.

Question 25

Is the biomedical model dogma?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

In the biomedical model there are two alternatives whereby behavior and disease can be classified. What are they?

Answer 26

o Reductionist view
o Exclusionist View

Question 27

What does the reductionist view in biomed believe?

Answer 27

• Believes that all behavioral phenomenon of disease must be conceptualized in terms of psycho chemical principles they believe that these behaviors belong in the spectrum of disease and should be treated by psychiatry

Question 28

What does the exclusionist view in biomed say?

Answer 28

States that whatever cannot be explained through biomedicine must be excluded from the categories of disease. Mental illness is a myth and would eliminate psychiatry for medicine

Question 29

What are the assumptions of the biomedical model?

Answer 29

-Disease can be fully accounted for by deviations from a normal measurable biological variable
-Disease can be dealt with as something independent of social behavior
-Behavioral aberrations can be explained on the basis of disordered somatic, biochemical, or neurophysiological processes (unusual behaviors can often be traced back to physical or chemical problems in the body or brain) – “Better living through chemistry”

Question 30

What does Engel say needs to be in the new model?

Answer 30

-The biochemical defect alone cannot account for illness experience
-The patients subjective experience should be taken into account
-Must take into account the psychophysiological responses to life change
-Psychological and social factors area also crucial in determining whether and when patients with a biochemical abnormality come to view themselves as sick and are willing to accept the patient role
-Other factors may combine to sustain patient status even in the face of biochemical recovery
-The relationship between patient and physician influence therapeutic outcome for better or worse.

Question 31

What are the obstacles to implementing the biopsychosocial model?

Answer 31

o Investment
o Professionalization
o Difficulty in accepting change at level of training
o Pharmaceutical industry

Question 32

What is the General Systems Theory?

Answer 32

Idea that all levels of organization are linked to each other and that change in one area affects change in another.

Question 33

What is a benefit of the General Systems Theory?

Answer 33

• Should improve communications across scientific disciplines

Question 34

What is Conventional Medicine also known as Western Medicine?

Answer 34

Disease focused – treats symptoms using drugs, radiation, or surgery

Question 35

What is Alternative Medicine?

Answer 35

Treats symptoms using medications that are closer to nature – not all treatments are scientifically validated

Question 36

What is Complementary Medicine?

Answer 36

-Uses both conventional and alternative medicine to diagnose and treat symptoms

Question 37

What is integrative medicine?

Answer 37

Combines conventional and alternative medicine in a coordinated way and places emphasis on data driven solutions that are safe, and patient focused

Question 38

What is functional medicine?

Answer 38

Treats patient not disease- focuses on prevention rather than treatment – questions the foundations of conventional medicine

Question 39

What is positive health?

Answer 39

Describes a state beyond the absence of disease

Question 40

Why focus on well-being?

Answer 40

People desire well-being in its own right beyond the relief of their suffering – wellbeing is a buffer against mental disorders

Question 41

What are the independent variables for measuring positive health?

Answer 41

• Subjective- feeling a sense of well being
• Biological- Relevant to health BMI BP etc
• Functional- Lab test data (exercise tolerance, gait, etc)/personal ecology (activities of daily living)

Question 42

What is the Copenhagen Medici Model?

Answer 42

Model proposed by Seligman to unify interdisciplinary expertise in positive health research to enhance understanding of health and well-being factors