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Biopsych > Week 2 Midterm > Flashcards

Week 2 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Define Stress

A

Any challenge to homeostasis (the body’s internal sense of balance)

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2
Q

When does stress occur?

A

Stress occurs whenever there is a change or something new that we must adapt to

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3
Q

What is Allostasis?

A

The process of achieving stability- or homeostasis- in a dynamic system through physiological or behavioral change

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4
Q

What is Allostatic Overload?

A

The cumulative effects of chronic physiological stress

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5
Q

What was Walter Cannon’s 1939 Model of Stress?

A

He conceptualized stress as the disruption of homeostasis when the body mobilizes its resources to cope with an external threat

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6
Q

What was Hans Selye’s 1956 Model of Stress?

A

He viewed stress as a nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it

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7
Q

What was Holmes and Rahe’s 1967 Model of Stress?

A

Defined stressors as events which requires a significant change in the ongoing life pattern of the individual

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8
Q

What was Lazarus and Folkman’s 1984 Model of Stress?

A

Transactional Model of Stress describes stress as the judgment that environmental or internal demands exceed the individual’s resources

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9
Q

What two components is the Nervous system made of?

A

o Central Nervous System
o Peripheral Nervous System

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10
Q

What two components are in the Central Nervous System?

A

o Brain
o Spinal Cord

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11
Q

What two components are in the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

o Somatic
o Autonomic

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12
Q

What two components are in the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

-Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight/Flight)
-Parasympathetic Nervous System (Rest/Digest)

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13
Q

What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is triggered?

A

-Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
-Increased blood flow to muscles
-Converts stored nutrients to glucose
-Increased heart rate
-Vasoconstriction
-Racing thoughts

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14
Q

What happens with the parasympathetic nervous system is triggered?

A

o Mediated by acetylcholine
o Increases digestion
o Restores/replenishes
o Recovery
o Heart rate slows
o Vasodilation
o Thinking slows

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15
Q

In an ideal state what nervous system is most active?

A

Slightly toward parasympathetic

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16
Q

During sleep what nervous system is most active?

A

Parasympathetic

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17
Q

During a deep meditative state what nervous system is most active?

A

Parasympathetic

18
Q

During intense fear what nervous system is most active?

A

Sympathetic

19
Q

During a panic attack what nervous system is most active?

A

Sympathetic

20
Q

What pathway is the sympathetic nervous system activated by?

A

Sympathetic adrenomedullary pathway (SAM)

21
Q

Is the activation of the sympathetic nervous system via SAM fast acting or slow acting?

A

Fast Acting

22
Q

What hormones are released via the SAM pathway?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

23
Q

What symptoms can SAM activation cause?

A

Chest pain, dizziness, and shortness of breath

24
Q

Is SAM pathway activation adaptive or maladaptive?

A

-BOTH!
-Adaptive in situations where threat is real
-Maladaptive in situations like panic attacks that have no real threat

25
Q

What does Epinephrine and Norepinephrine do?

A

-Mobilizes glucose to provide energy
-Increases blood flow to muscles
-Dilate lungs and increase respiratory rate
-Increase oxygen to brain to heighten awareness
-Accelerate clotting and constrict blood vessels to reduce blood loss
-Release endorphins to suppress pain

26
Q

What are the stages of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

o Alarm Stage
o Resistance Stage
o Exhaustion Stage

27
Q

What happens in the alarm stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

Resembles Canon’s Fight/Flight Response

28
Q

What happens in the resistance stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

-Activation of the HPA axis
-Releases hormones acetylcholine, corticotropin, and cortisol
-Person appears normal but adaptation to the stressor places mounting demands on the body
-Local defenses will break down if stressor persists

29
Q

What happens in the exhaustion stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

-Increased endocrine activity depletes body resources
-Raised cortisol levels resulting in suppressed immunity
-Development of stress syndromes
-Chronic Inflammation

30
Q

What is the pathway of HPA axis?

A

Begins in the Amygdala goes to hypothalamus to pituitary to adrenal glands

31
Q

What did the Holmes and Rache Scale 1967 believe?

A

-Believed that the single common denominator for stress is a significant change in the life pattern of the individual- any change even good is disruptive
-The more life events the person had within a period of time the more likely they would become ill

32
Q

How does the Transactional Model of Stress work?

A

-Primary appraisal – determine if there is a threat
-Secondary appraisal- evaluate if our coping abilities are greater than the threat (perception of abilities is more important than existence)
-Person initiates strategies for coping

33
Q

How does chronic stress impact the immune system?

A

-Increased cortisol levels lower immunity
-Longer wound healing times

34
Q

How does chronic stress impact cognitive functioning?

A

-High cortisol levels can impact memory
-Increases metabolic activity in hippocampus making in vulnerable to damage such as dendrite shrinkage
-Suppresses neuronal repair -Increases ability to store memories about stressful stimuli
-Disruption executive functioning

35
Q

How does chronic stress impact aging?

A

-Telomerase activity declines and the telomere shortens
-More years caring for chronically ill children correlated to shorter telomeres
-Researchers calculated that the cells of high stress mothers had aged 9 to 17 more years than those of low stress mothers.

36
Q

How does chronic stress impact the cardiovascular system?

A

Acute stress causes BP to spike resulting in damage to protective lining of arteries- atherosclerosis develops- increased risk for heart attack and stroke

37
Q

How does chronic stress impact chronic pain?

A

-Neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine play role in reducing pain
-Release of neurotransmitters slows during chronic stress
-Pain receptors become more sensitive and pain is up-regulated

38
Q

How does chronic stress impact the likelihood of increased stress?

A

-Cortisol binding to the amygdala increases fear response
-Increases amygdala’s inability to keep prefrontal cortex in check – emotional hijacking occurs.
-Elevated cortisol levels facilitate anxiogenic pathway thus increasing anxiety

39
Q

Does stress cause disease?

A

No but it increases your risk of getting disease or can exacerbate an existing disease due to lowered defenses

40
Q

What types of things cause stress?

A

o Physical stress
o Psychological stress
o Social Stress
o Major life changes

41
Q
A

Biopsych (4 decks)

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