week 3 lecture

Question 1

what is free will v determinism

Answer 1

free will ability to make choices unconstrained
determinisim=all behaviour had specific cause

implications, no one can predict the future people can be held responsible for their actions

Question 2

elaborate on free will

Answer 2

-no thoughts associated on completing the task

Question 3

experiment with free will

Answer 3

-brain already begins onset of response causing your decision to act

Question 4

what is sapirwhorf?

Answer 4

if images shift toward perception this will effect everyday thinking

Question 5

define a priori

Answer 5

-fundamental reasoning
-self evident truths

Question 6

define a posteriori

Answer 6

-using past experience as means to solve problem

Question 7

a debate on a priori and a posteriori

Answer 7

• cannot both exist and not exist at the same time
  -for example you cannot be alive and dead at the same time
  -abortion debate and euthanasia
• is there a paradox
  -priori thinking can move the logical to the absurd, we need logic and deductive reasoning

Question 8

what is a fundamental traits of being human?

Answer 8

the original sin
-based on the original sin
(in individualist cultures, each human is evil and needs to be punished)
(in collectivist cultures if you commit wrong is willl bear down on future generation

Question 9

define noble savage

Answer 9

• Rousseau believed humans are born good and respond to surrounding

Question 10

define tabula rasa

Answer 10

developed by John Locke
- blank slate and will depend on what they learn throughout their life

Question 11

how does this affect parenting?

Answer 11

original sin= impose strict guidelines ->will see children as selfish and aggressive
->punish all transgressions

noble savage=provide opportunities to be good->blame society for diverting individuals->ignore children’s misbehaviour and blame society

tabula rasa= each the child to distinguish right from wrong->neither good nor bad, misbehave is failure o learn->reward good,, punish bad

Question 12

define these parenting types

Answer 12

autocratice pareting styel=-orinignal sin
->freudian psycho-analysis
laissez-fair parenting style=noble savag->rogerian humanistic approach
\
authoritarian parenting style=tabula rasa
->skinners learning theory

Question 13

define thought experiment

Answer 13

-used in psychology of philosophy-> thinking through theory principles ->purpose of thinking through consequences
- unable to do an experiment in real life

Question 14

define free will

Answer 14

-choices independent of any other factors, of learning of physiology
->implications on psychology=limit explanations to the past, no role for assessments, therapies

psychotherapist will indicate freechoice->good person=good choices,
->example no one has been able to make perfect predictions of even simple behaviour

Question 15

define determinism

Answer 15

-all behaviour is predetermined
-knowable and predictable
implications on psychology=
predict future trends via assessments, improve quality of life via psychotherapy
-predertmined across time judgement changed based on experience
this allows us to predict the future more accurately

Question 16

two approaches of nature vs nature psychology

Answer 16

• studies of heredity
  -studies of newborn abilities

Question 17

define logic behind twin studies

Answer 17

-nativist finding in twin studies will note that twin raised together or separated, therefore irrespective of environment should be similar
however fraternal twins will only be 50% the same

Question 18

how do empiticitst see twin studies?

Answer 18

-irrespetice of their genetic relationship the twins will be a product of their upbringing,

Question 19

what is the truth of the twin studies?

Answer 19

-supports the notion that intelligence has a large inherited[nature] component

the more genetic relatedness higher correlation - perpetuated by connected in the same family

empiricism view:
- no cultural differences in infant measures of intelligence
-no IQ difference at the beginning of school
-degree of racial ancestry does not predict IQ scores

Question 20

new borns studies

Answer 20

• basic abilities at brith
  -reflex behaviours
  non reflect behaviours [turn head in direction of the sound]
  -babies have depth perception at 6 months old [infants also can perceive depth also]
  bower cube experiment;
  ->depth perception present as an infant[2 moths old]
  -> depth perception[1 month]
  ->does habituate therefore can perceive depth
  ->studies also conclude that at 2 weeks old babies have depth perception

Question 21

what is the relationship between mind and brain?

Answer 21

• there is one fundamental reality->mind and brain-monism
  -there are two fundamental realities ->dualisms
  -there are many fundamental realties -> pluralism

Question 22

define Monism

Answer 22

• reality is knowable through brain activity[materialism]. eg biological psychology
• mind is reality - mental processes are the foundation of all knowledge, eg biological psych is just a product [idealism]
  mind and body are part of the same reality and there are two languages describing this [double ascpect monism]

Question 23

Define Dualism

Answer 23

-two realities, there is a mind and a body and they influence each other

schachter and singers theory
- emotion is need to experience both physiological arousal [body]and cognitive interpretation[mind] called the two factor theory
in clinical psychology to treat anxiety you would used desensitisation therapy

Question 24

explain problems with dualism

Answer 24

if when sleeping then why does our mind go to sleep too?
eg the lack on conscious control over certain things presents an issue. we should be thinking about everything we do, but we don’t.
eg knowledge and perception can’t always override with physiology.

Question 25

examples of Pluralism

Answer 25

Sapir-whorf says that different languages causes humans to thinking to different way

in individualistic cultures- we only have one word for you - whether person is object, animal, different status

but in collectivist cultures there is many word for you, depending on the reltionship and the person being addressed - > makes someone think of the relationship before continuing

Piagets cognitive theory of development -> he would ask his children to solve problems at different ages

eg. Object permanence
knowledge that the object exists independent of perception -‘out of sight out of mind’. ex. Bowers 1971 multi mothers experiments.

egocentric behaviour- children before 8 years of age likely to be selfish and have trouble taking turns

conservation of liquid-> focusing more on what things look like