Week 3 (From grey matter to white matter) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a random neuron stain?

A

Golgi

(1 in 1000)

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2
Q

What are 3 selective stains?

A

Cell body stains
Myelin stains
Axon stains

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3
Q

What does the Nissel stain stain?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum of any cell

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4
Q

What does grey matter contain?

A

Cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

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5
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Myelinated axons

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6
Q

What 2 kinds of neuron does the spinal chord send signals to the body via?

A

Motor neurons

Autonomic preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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7
Q

What do autonomic preganglionic sympathetic neurons control?

A

Postganglionic neurons which then control glands and smooth muscle

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8
Q

From what neurons does the spinal chord recieve information about the body?

A

Sensory neurons

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9
Q

Where in the spinal chord cross section do motor neurons have their cell bodies?

A

Ventral horn (bottom)

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10
Q

Where in the spinal chord cross section do preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies?

A

Lateral horn (middle side bit)

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11
Q

What does it mean to say that sensory neurons are pseudounipolar?

A

It means that the cell body has moved so that the dendrite and the axon forms a single axon

Its called psuedounipolar because it starts off as bipolar

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12
Q

What kind of synapse connects an inhibitory neuron to a reflex arc

A

Axo-Axonic synapse

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13
Q

What is an axonal tracer?

A

A substance which can be carried along an axon in either direction

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14
Q

What is an anterograde tracer?

A

A tracer which is carried away from the cell body

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15
Q

What is a retrograde tracer?

A

A tracer which is carried towards the cell body

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16
Q

What does diffusion tensor imaging show?

A

The white matter tracts

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17
Q

Why can diffusion tensor imaging show the white matter tracts?

A

Water molecules are polarised

When they are constrained in very narrow structures such as myelinated axons the water molecules align along the axon tracts

Magnetic resonance signal at any given voxel has a vector

Vectors added together make fibres

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18
Q

What can diffusion tensor imaging not show about the white matter tracts?

A

The direction of axon travel

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19
Q

What information do the dorsal columns carry?

A

Information about touch and pressure

20
Q

What information does the spinocerebrellar column carry?

A

Information about proprioception

21
Q

What information does the spinothalamic column carry?

A

Information about pain and temperature

22
Q

What information does the lateral column carry?

A

Movement information

23
Q

Is white matter on the inside or the outside of the spinal chord?

A

on the outside

24
Q

Is white matter on the inside or the outside of the brain?

A

On the inside

25
Q

Name 3 types of glial cell

A

Macrophages

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes (schwann cels in PNS)

26
Q

What is a brief role of macrophages?

A

Scavenging for dying cells, detritus

27
Q

What are two brief functions of astrocytes?

A
  • Regulate nutrient flow from blood
  • Ionic balance and synapses
28
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

They wrap axons in myelin

29
Q

what does rostral mean in humans?

A

towards the top

30
Q

what does caudal mean in humans?

A

towards the bottom

31
Q

what does ventral mean in humans (and what is it also called)

A

towards the front / anterior

32
Q

what does dorsal mean in humans and what is it also called

A

towards the back / posterior

33
Q

where is the sub arachnoid space in the spinal chord and what are three things youll find in it?

A

between the arachnoid (middle) membrane and the pia(inner) membrane

its filled with cerebrospinal fluid

you’ll also find the nerve roots and blood vessels

34
Q
A
35
Q

visualise how to distinguish between lumber, thoracic and cervical spinal chord cross sections?

A
36
Q

what is a feature of the thoracic spinal chord?

A

a small intermediate lateral horn sticking out

37
Q

where is the ventral horn of the spinal chord?

A
38
Q

where in the spinal chord are the motor neurons cell bodies?

A

in the ventral horn

39
Q

where in the spinal chord are the preganglionic neurons cell body?

A

in the lateral horn

40
Q

why are the ventral horns larger in the cervical levels and the lumbar levels

A

ventral horns contain motor neurons

the cervical level and lumbar levels are where most of the motor control of the upper limbs(cervical) and lower limbs (lumber) is situated

41
Q

why is there only lateral horns in the thoracic segment

A

because sympathetic ganglia neurons are present in the lateral horns

and they are found only in the thoracic segment of the spinal chord

42
Q

which roots do the preganglionic neurons and the motor neurons travel through?

A

the ventral root

43
Q

is the following neurons myelinated or unmyelinated?

  1. preganglionic neuron
  2. postganglionic neuron
A

preganglionic neuron is myelinated

postganglionic neuron is unmyelinated

44
Q

which neurons are pseudounipolar?

A

input sensory neurons to the spinal chord

their cell bodies sit in the dorsal root ganglia

45
Q

how come our knee jerk reflexes dont happen when we are voluntarily moving our muscles

A

in the knee jerk reflex, the sensory neuron provides info about the muscle being stretched and the motor neuron responds by counteracting

there is an inhibitory neuron that is only activated during voluntary movement, so that this doesnt occur in voluntary movement

the inhibitory neuron is connected to the axon output of the sensory neuron with an axo-axonic synapse

46
Q
A