Week 3 formative test Flashcards
Define what is meant by hindsight bias ?
Also known as the know it all effect, is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.
Define what is meant by omission bias
It is the tendency to judge harmful actions as worse, or less moral than equally harmful omissions (inactions) because actions are more obvious than inactions.
Define what is meant by anchoring
Anchoring is “the tendency to perceptually lock onto salient features in the patient’s initial presentation too early in the diagnostic process, and failing to adjust this initial impression in the light of later information”.
Define what is meant by overconfidence bias
A well-established bias in which a person’s subjective confidence in his or her judgments is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when confidence is relatively high.
Define what is meant by Fundamental Attribution Error
Is the claim that, in contrast to interpretations of their own behavior, people place undue emphasis on internal characteristics of the agent (character or intention), rather than external factors, in explaining other people’s behavior
Define what is meant by ascertainment bias
Is a term in population genetics that describes systematic deviations from an expected theoretical result attributable to the sampling processes used to find (ascertain) SNPs and measure (estimate) their population-specific allele frequencies.
Define what is meant by the framing effect
Where people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented; e.g. as a loss or as a gain.
Define what is meant by availability
Availability is “the disposition to judge things as being more likely, or frequently occurring, if they readily come to mind”.
Define what is meant by aggregate bias
Aggregation bias leads to the conclusion that what is true for the group must be true for the sub-group or individual.
Compression bandages should be used to treat all ulcers below the knee -T/F?
False - Compression bandages should NOT be used in ulcers where the cause is arterial.
What is the common presentation of dermatofibromas ?
- Usually appear on the lower legs, but may appear on the arms or trunk
- May be red, pink, purplish, gray or brown and may change color over time
- May be as small as a BB pellet but rarely grow larger than a fingernail
- Are often painless but may be tender, painful or itchy
- Usually dimple inward when pinched
What is the skin lesion shown ?
Dermatofibroma
What are the common sign/symptoms of melanocytic naevi ?
Usually asymptomatic but some may be itchy
Usually present as single or multi-shaded, round or oval shaped pigmented patches. They may have increased hair growth (hyertrichosis). The surface may be slightly rough or bumpy.
What type of skin lesion is shown?
Melanocytic naevi
What are the common signs/symtoms of malignant melanomas ?
- A is for Asymmetry: One half of a mole or birthmark does not match the other.
- B is for Border: The edges are irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred.
- C is for Color: The color is not the same all over and may include different shades of brown or black, or sometimes with patches of pink, red, white, or blue.
- D is for Diameter: The spot is larger than 6 millimeters across (about ¼ inch – the size of a pencil eraser), although melanomas can sometimes be smaller than this.
- E is for Evolving: The mole is changing in size, shape, or color
A sore that doesn’t heal
Spread of pigment from the border of a spot into surrounding skin
Redness or a new swelling beyond the border of the mole
Change in sensation, such as itchiness, tenderness, or pain
Change in the surface of a mole – scaliness, oozing, bleeding, or the appearance of a lump or bump
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Diagnose the skin lesion shown
Superifical spreading malignant melanoma
Diagnose the skin lesion shown
Superficial basal cell carcinoma
What is the most likely diagnosis of the skin lesion shown (hint think about the area it is presenting)
SSC
