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CytoGenetics > Week 3: DNA, Gene Expression and Epigenetics > Flashcards

Week 3: DNA, Gene Expression and Epigenetics Flashcards

1
Q

Assembling subsets of the exons of a gene, which increases the number and diversity of proteins it encodes.

A

ALTERNATIVE SPLICING

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2
Q

A three-base sequence on one loop of a transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA codon and connects the appropriate amino acid and its mRNA.

A

ANTICODON

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3
Q

The head-to-toe orientation of the two nucleotide chains of the DNA double helix.

A

ANTIPARALLELISM

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4
Q

A protein that binds a polypeptide and guides folding.

A

CHAPERONE PROTEIN

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5
Q

A part of a gene and its corresponding mRNA that encodes amino acids.

A

EXON

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6
Q

A mutation that alters a gene’s reading frame.

A

FRMAESHIFT MUTATION

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7
Q

A type of protein around which DNA coils in a regular pattern.

A

HISTONE

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8
Q

Part of a gene that is transcribed but is excised from the mRNA before translation into protein

A

INTRON

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9
Q

Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous Base

A

NUCLEOSIDE

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10
Q

Nucleoside or (Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous Base) + Phosphate Group

A

NUCLEOTIDE

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11
Q

A unit of chromatin structure consisting of DNA coiled around
an octet of histone proteins.

A

NUCLEOSOME

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12
Q

This was a quote from which scientist?

“A genetic material must carry out two jobs: duplicate
itself and control the development of the rest of the cell
in a specific way.”

A

Francis Crick, 1953

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13
Q

DNA is the Genetic Material, can be attributed to who?

A

Francis Crick, 1953

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14
Q
  • Swiss physician and biochemist
  • Isolated nuclei from white blood cells in pus
  • Found an acid substance with nitrogen and phosphorus
    o He called it nuclein (1871)
    o Later, it was called nucleic acid
A

Friedrich Miescher, 1871

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15
Q
  • English Physician
  • Linked inheritance of inborn errors of metabolism with
    the lack of particular enzymes.
A

Archibald Garrod, 1902

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16
Q
  • English microbiologist
  • Worked with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria,
    which exists in two types:
  • Type S (Smooth) = Enclosed in a polysaccharide capsule
  • Type R (Rough) = No capsule
    Termed the conversion of one bacterial type into another
    as transformation
A

Frederick Griffith, 1928

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17
Q

Transformation of one bacterial type to another is attributed to which Scientist?

A

Frederick Griffith, 1928

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18
Q

The virulent type of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria according to the experiments of Frederick Griffith in 1928

A

Type S (Smooth), the polysaccharide capsule defends it from the immune system of the body.

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19
Q

The animal used in Frederick Griffith’s experiments

A

A rat

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20
Q
  • American physicians
  • Treated lysed S bacteria with protease and DNase
  • Only DNase prevented transformation
  • Thus, DNA is the transforming principle
    o Can convert type R bacteria into S
A

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty, 1944

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21
Q

Identified DNA as the transforming principle

A

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty, 1944

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22
Q
  • American microbiologists
  • Used E.coli bacteria infected with a virus that consisted
    of a protein head surrounding DNA
  • Blender experiments showed that the virus transfers
    DNA, not protein, into a bacterial cell
    o Thus, DNA is the genetic material
A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, 1953

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23
Q

They supported the findings of Francis Crick that DNA is indeed the genetic material

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, 1953

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24
Q
  • Russian-American biochemist
  • Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and
    deoxyribose in 1929
  • Revealed chemical distinction between RNA and DNA
    o RNA has ribose
    o DNA has deoxyribose
  • Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found
    in equal proportions:
    o Sugar
    o Phosphate
    o Base
  • Deduced that a nucleic acid building block must contain
    one of each component
A

Phoebus Levine, 1909-1929

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25
Q

Discovered the three parts of a nucelotide

A

Phoebus Levine, 1909-1929

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26
Q
  • Austrian-American biochemist
  • Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species
    and observed regular relationships:
    o Adenine (A) + Guanine (G) = Thymine (T) + Cytosine (C)
    A = T and C = G
A

Erwin Chargaff, 1951

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27
Q
  • English scientists
  • Used a technique called X-ray diffraction
    o Deduced the overall structure of the
    molecule from the patterns in which the X rays were
    deflected
  • Distinguished two forms of DNA
    o “A” form, which is dry and crystalline
    o “B” form, which is wet and cellular
  • It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain “photo 51” of the B-form
    of DNA
A

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, 1952

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28
Q
  • Used the earlier research and inferences from model
    building with cardboard cutouts to solve the structure of
    DNA.
A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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29
Q

In the year 2008 this scientist had his genome sequenced

A

James Watson

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30
Q

Discovered that DNA transmits killing ability in bacteria

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, 1940

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31
Q

4 scientists that discovered DNA components, proportions, and positions

A

Phoebus Levine, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin (1909-early 1950’s)

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32
Q

A section of a DNA molecule.

A

Gene

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33
Q

Building block of DNA

A

Nucleotide

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34
Q

Sequence of building blocks specifies the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein.

A

Gene

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35
Q

Sugar found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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36
Q

Phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

A

PHOSPHATE GROUP

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37
Q

Information containing parts of DNA because they form sequences.

A

NITROGENOUS BASE

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38
Q

Enumerate the Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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39
Q

Enumerate the Pyrimidines in DNA

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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40
Q

Enumerate the Pyrimidines in RNA

A

Cytosine and Uracil

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41
Q

are the informational parts of nucleotides.

A

DNA bases

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42
Q

Each composed of a 6-membered and 5-membered ring.

A

Purines

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43
Q

Have only a single six-membered ring

A

Pyrimidines

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44
Q

created when Phosphodiester bonds form between the deoxyribose sugars and the phosphates which causes nucleotides joint into Polynucleotide chains

A

Sugar Phosphate Backbone

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45
Q

Form between the deoxyribose sugars and the phosphates which causes nucleotides joint into Polynucleotide chains

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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46
Q

A chain of nucleotides

A

Polynucleotide chains

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47
Q

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

DNA consists of two chains of two polynucleotide chains in an
PARALLEL configuration

A

FALSE, Antiparallel

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48
Q
  • Derives from the structure of sugar-phosphate backbone.
  • One-half of the double helix runs in a 5’ to 3’. The other half
    runs in a 3’ to 5.
A

ANTIPARALLELISM

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49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Antiparallel nature of the DNA double helix becomes apparent when the carbons in the sugar are numbered

A

TRUE

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50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Carbons are numbered from 1 to 5 in deoxyribose.

A

TRUE

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51
Q

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

DNA is IRREGULAR

A

FALSE, DNA IS DIRECTIONAL

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52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

These are your complementary base pairs in DNA:
Adenine = Uracil
Guanine = Cytosine

A

FALSE, Adenine = Thymine

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53
Q

The key to the constant width of the double helix is the specific pairing of purines and pyrimidines via

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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54
Q

form frameworks that guide DNA strands.

A

Scaffold Proteins

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55
Q

The DNA coils around proteins called ________ , forming a bead-on-a string-like structure.

A

histones

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56
Q

The bead part in in the DNA coiled histone is called

A

Nucleosome

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57
Q

DNA wraps at several levels, until it is compacted into a

A

Chromatid

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58
Q

Chromosome substance is called

A

Chromatin

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59
Q

HYPOTHESIS ON DNA REPLICATION

  • Watson and Crick: Envisioned the 2 strands of the DNA
    double helix
    unwinding and separating.
  • One old strand & one new strand
A

Semiconservative Hypothesis

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60
Q

HYPOTHESIS ON DNA REPLICATION

  • Entirely new DNA molecule
A

Conservative Hypothesis

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61
Q

HYPOTHESIS ON DNA REPLICATION

  • Max Delbruck
  • Replication involves a break in the DNA backbone
    every 10 nucleotide and attaches the old strand to the
    new one.
A

Dispersive Hypothesis

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62
Q

ended their report on the structure of DNA with the
statement:

“It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we
have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying
mechanism for the genetic material.”

A

Watson and Crick

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63
Q

Semiconservative Replication was demonstrated by ______ and ______, using a series of ______ experiments

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, Density Shift

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64
Q

A series of Density Shift experimentation were conducted by these 2 scientists

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

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65
Q

This was observed in a series of Density Shift experiments, what type of DNA replication does this prove?

The two daughter double helices are identical
to the original parental double helix in DNA
sequence. However, the light blue helix
halves of the daughter DNA molecules
indicate that each consists of one strand of
parental DNA and one strand of newly
replicated DNA.

A

Semiconservative Replication

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66
Q

E. coli was labeled with a dense, heavy form of NITROGEN, and traced the pattern of replication

A

Density Shift Experiments

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67
Q

STEPS IN DNA REPLICATION

A

G1 –> S —> G2 —> Mitosis

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68
Q

Pre-DNA Synthesis part of Interphase

A

G1 (Gap 1)

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69
Q

Post-DNA Synthesis part of Interphase

A

G2 (Gap 2)

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70
Q

DNA Synthesis part of Interphase

A

S (Synthesis)

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71
Q

Mitosis lasts for about?

A

1hr

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72
Q

Gap 1 of Interphase lasts for about?

A

10hrs

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73
Q

Gap 2 of Interphase lasts for about?

A

4hrs

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74
Q

DNA Synthesis or S Phase of Interphase lasts about?

A

9hrs

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75
Q

The steps in DNA replication are as follows:

A

1.) Parent DNA molecule.
2.) Parental strands unwind and separate at several points.
3.) Each parental strand provides a template for DNA polymerase to bind complementary bases, A with T and G with C.
4.) Sugar-phosphate backbones of daughter strands close.

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76
Q

Site where DNA is locally opened, resembling a fork.

A

Replication Fork

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77
Q

Also known as the Continuous strand

A

Leading strand

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78
Q

Also known as the Discontinuous strand

A

Lagging strand

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79
Q

The unwinding protein

A

Helicase

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80
Q

Proteins that keep strands apart and stabilized, they actually do not bind but they maintain the separation, hence they are Misnomers

A

Binding Proteins

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81
Q

attracts complementary RNA nucleotides to build a
short piece of RNA called RNA primer to be added to the template strand.

A

Primase

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82
Q

A short piece of RNA

A

RNA primer

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83
Q

adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA primer, also binds nucleotides to form new strands.

A

DNA Polymerase (DNAP)

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84
Q

is an enzyme that build a polymer which is a chain
of chemical building blocks

A

Polymerase

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85
Q

engages in proofreading activity check and replaces incorrect bases.
* Excising mismatched bases
* Inserting correct bases.

A

DNA Polymerase (DNAP)

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86
Q

Continuous strand synthesis continues in this direction.

A

5 to 3

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87
Q

Discontinuous synthesis produces these fragments

A

Okazaki fragments

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88
Q

This is the reason why the growing fork proceed in one
direction when both parental strands replicate and run in
opposite direction.

A

Discontinuous synthesis

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89
Q

removes RNA primers.

A

Enzymes

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90
Q

rewinds to the sections of the strand that remain unwound.

A

Annealing helicase

91
Q

“backstitched“ fragments that form your
lagging strand.

A

Okazaki Fragments

92
Q

seals sugar-phosphate backbone and joins Okazaki Fragments

A

Ligase

93
Q
  • The sites of replication resemble bubbles that coalesce as
    the double helices form.
  • Significance: DNA replication can accomplish 100 quadrillion
    times faster compared to only one point of replication.
A

DNA REPLICATION BUBBLES

94
Q

A DNA amplification technique that uses DNAP to rapidly replicate a specific DNA sequence in a test tube.
o Significance: To identify a specific DNA sequence in a
virus

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

95
Q

In the PCR process this is the variation of temperature that can separate the strands

A

Temperature shift

96
Q

When Primers hybridize due to base complementarity

A

Hybridization

97
Q

In the PCR Process this step equals to 2n, where n is the number of temperature cycles.

A

Amplification

98
Q

The PCR Process:

A
  1. Preparation
  2. Temperature shift
  3. Hybridization
  4. Amplification
99
Q

invented a way to determine the base sequence of a small piece of DNA.

A

Frederick Sanger

100
Q

Sanger sequencing uses an approach called

A

Chain Termination

101
Q

This describes a step in DNA sequencing

First synthesizes an RNA molecule that is complementary to one strand of the DNA double helix for a particular gene. The RNA copy is taken out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm.

A

Transcription

102
Q

This describes a step in DNA sequencing

Uses the information in the RNA to manufacture a protein by aligning and joining specified amino acids. Finally, the protein folds into a specific three-dimensional form necessary for its function.

A

Translation

103
Q

_______ —> ______ —> ________

Some of the information stored in DNA is copied to RNA (transcription), some of which is used to assemble amino acids into proteins translation). DNA replication perpetuates genetic information.

A

DNA, RNA, PROTEIN

104
Q

contains the genetic information that was replicated in cell nucleus mRNA carries the protein encoding information going to ribosome for translation process

A

DNA

105
Q

Stores RNA- and protein encoding
information, and transfers information to daughter
cells

A

DNA

106
Q

Carries protein-encoding information,
and helps to make proteins

A

RNA

107
Q

Cannot function as an enzyme

A

DNA

108
Q

Can function as an enzyme

A

RNA

109
Q

Maintains protein-encoding
information

A

DNA

110
Q

Carry protein-encoding information
and controls how information is used

A

RNA

111
Q

Double-stranded

A

DNA

112
Q

Single-stranded

A

RNA

113
Q

Bridge between gene and protein

A

RNA

114
Q

A type of RNA whose base sequence complements
that of the strand of the double helix

A

Template strand

115
Q

The enzyme that builds an RNA molecule

A

RNA Polymerase

116
Q

The non-template strand of the DNA double helix

A

Coding strand

117
Q

The process of folding of RNA into a three dimensional
shape after it is synthesized along DNA

A

Conformation

118
Q

A sequence of three mRNA bases that form a genetic “code
word” for a specific amino acid

A

Codon

119
Q
  • Carries information that codes a specific
    protein.
  • Differentiated cells produce certain mRNA
    molecules called transcripts.
  • Information in the transcripts is used
    to manufacture the encoded proteins.
  • Encodes AA sequence
A

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

120
Q
  • Associates with certain proteins to form a
    ribosome
  • Provide structural support.
  • Some are catalysts (ribozymes)
    and others help align the ribosome and mRNA.
  • Associate with proteins to form ribosomes.
  • Ribosomes – an organelle
    consisting of RNA and protein
    that is a scaffold and catalyst
    for protein synthesis.
A

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

121
Q
  • Binds mRNA to an amino acid.
  • Translation Transports specific amino acids to the
    ribosome for protein synthesis.
A

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

122
Q

an organelle
consisting of RNA and protein
that is a scaffold and catalyst
for protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

123
Q

An rRNA catalyst

A

Ribozymes

124
Q

Differentiated cells produce certain mRNA
molecules called

A

Transcripts

125
Q

Information in the transcripts is used
to manufacture

A

encoded proteins

126
Q

500 to 4,500+ Nucleotides involved in Transcription

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

127
Q

1000 to 3,000 Nucleotides involved in Translation

A

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

128
Q

75 to 80 Nucleotides involved in Translation

A

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

129
Q

A ribosome from a eukaryotic cell has two subunits; together, they consist of __ proteins and _ rRNA molecules.

A

79 proteins and 4 rRNA molecules

130
Q

states that the pattern of information that
occurs most frequently in our cells is:
o From existing DNA to make new DNA (DNA replication)
o From DNA to make new RNA (transcription)
o From RNA to make new proteins (translation)

A

Central Dogma

131
Q
  • The transfer of information from RNA to make new DNA, this occurs in the case of retroviruses, such as HIV.
  • It is the process by which the genetic information from RNA is assembled into new DNA.
A

Reverse Transcription

132
Q
  • Form an apparatus that binds DNA at certain sequences and initiates transcription at specific sites.
  • Respond to extracellular signals to form a pocket for RNA polymerase and signal it to start building an RNA chain.
  • Include DNA binding domains which guide them to the genes they control.
A

Transcription Factors

133
Q

It is a mutation in the Transcription Factors

A

Rett syndrome

134
Q

Transcription Factors and RNA polymerase in the stage of initiation bind to a

A

Promoter

135
Q

It is the first Transcription Factor

A

TATA binding protein

136
Q

TATA binding protein is attracted to what is called a

A

TATA box

137
Q

RNA PROCESSING

the mechanism of combination of exons of a gene in different ways to form different versions of one protein product

A

Alternate splicing

138
Q

assembles a protein using the information in the mRNA
sequence. Particular mRNA codons correspond to particular amino acids:

A

Translation

139
Q

is transcribed from a locally unwound portion of DNA.
In translation

A

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

140
Q

matches mRNA codons with amino acids.

A

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

141
Q

UAA, UGA, and UAG are examples of what codon?

A

Stop Codon

142
Q

The first two letters of this codon is always G

A

Glycine

143
Q

The first two letters of this codon is always C

A

Proline

144
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Translation begins as the
initiation complex forms.

A

TRUE

145
Q

ARRANGE THE SEQUENCE IN BUILDING A POLYPEPTIDE

Second Amino acid joins the initiation complex

Amino acid chain extends

Termination if reaching a stop codon

First peptide bond forms as new amino acid arrives

A

THE SEQUENCE IS AS FOLLOWS

Second Amino acid joins the initiation complex

First peptide bond forms as new amino acid arrives

Amino acid chain extends

Termination if reaching a stop codon

146
Q

Due to the chemical forces bonding the molecules, proteins fold into:

A

Three-dimensional shapes or conformations

147
Q

Mutations in the primary structure can happen if the change is

A

nonsynonymous

148
Q

The 4 structures of a protein

A

PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
QUATERNARY

149
Q

Protein structure with an amino acid sequence

A

PRIMARY

150
Q

Folds dues to the chemical attraction of adjacent amino acids in the primary structure

A

SECONDARY

151
Q

Winding of the protein due to chemical attraction of farther
amino acids and water molecules

A

TERTIARY

152
Q

Protein that consists of more than one polypeptide

A

QUATERNARY

153
Q

stabilize partially folded regions of a protein into
its correct form.

A

Chaperone proteins

154
Q

tags misfolded proteins which are sent to the cytoplasm for
proper refolding.

A

Ubiquitin

155
Q

Degrade misfolded proteins with more than one tag in order
to be able to recycle the amino acids used.

A

Proteasomes

156
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Changes in gene expression occur over time at the molecular and organ levels

A
157
Q

o Changes to DNA alter gene expression, but do not change the DNA sequence.
o Changes to the chemical groups that associate with DNA that are transmitted to daughter cells after cell division.

A

Epigenetics

158
Q

has four globular polypeptide chains:

A

Adult Hemoglobin

159
Q

The Two alpha (α) chains of Hemoglobin are encoded on what chromosome number?

A

Chromosome 11

160
Q

The Two beta (β) chains of Hemoglobin are encoded on what chromosome number?

A

Chromosome 16

161
Q

No of amino acids in Two alpha (α) chains of polypeptide in Hemoglobin

A

141

162
Q

No of amino acids in Two beta (β) chains of polypeptide in Hemoglobin

A

146

163
Q

surrounds an iron-containing heme group

A

Globin

164
Q

Hemoglobin subunits change in response to

A

Oxygen levels

165
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Subunit makeup in Hemoglobin varies over a specific period.

A

FALSE, it varies over a lifetime

166
Q

The Globin Chains are Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ) in this Hemoglobin

A

Gower – 1

167
Q

The Globin Chains are Two alpha (α) + two epsilon (ε) in this Hemoglobin

A

Gower - 2

168
Q

The Globin Chains are Two zeta (ζ) + two gamma (γ) in this Hemoglobin

A

Portland

169
Q

The Globin Chains are Two Alpha (ζ) + two gamma (γ) in this Hemoglobin

A

F

170
Q

THESE ARE OBSERVED IN THIS STAGE

Begins in early embryogenesis; peaks during third trimester and begins to decline just before birth

Early embryogenesis
(product of yolk sac erythroblasts)

A

INTRAUTERINE STAGE

171
Q

THESE ARE OBSERVED IN THIS STAGE

Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α)
F (60% to 90%)

Two beta (β) + two alpha (α)
A (10% to 40%)

A

BIRTH STAGE

172
Q

THESE ARE OBSERVED IN THIS STAGE

Two gamma (γ) + two alpha (α)
F (1% to 2%)

Two alpha (α) + two delta (d)
A2 (<3.5%)

Two beta (β) + two alpha (α)
A (>95%)

A

2YRS - ADULTHOOD STAGE

173
Q

This plasma contains about 40,000 different types of proteins.

A

Blood Plasma

174
Q

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

Changing conditions DO NOT cause a change in the protein profile of the plasma.

A

FALSE, DO

175
Q

sheds light on how genes are turned on and off.

A

Stem Cell Biology

176
Q

The 2 glands in a Pancreas

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

177
Q

Releases digestive enzymes into ducts.

A

Exocrine glands

178
Q

Secretes polypeptide hormones directly into
the bloodstream.

sabi sa histo they are ductless

A

Endocrine glands

179
Q

produces either endocrine or exocrine cells.

A

Differential gene expression

180
Q
  • Belong to a class of molecules called noncoding RNAs
  • 21–22 bases long:
A

miRNA (Micro RNA)

181
Q

When a microRNA binds to a target mRNA, it prevents a certain process

what does it prevent?

A

Translation

182
Q

A practical application of microRNAs is best exemplified with this disease

A

Cancer

183
Q

Technology wherein small synthetic, double-stranded RNA molecules are introduced into selected cells to block gene expression

A

RNAi (RNA Interference)

184
Q

Mechanisms that maximize Genetic Information

A

Alternate Splicing

An intron encoding one isoform is
an exon in another

An intron on one DNA strand is an
exon on the other

Adding sugars to form glycoproteins
or lipids to form lipoproteins

Precursor protein is cut to yield two
proteins

185
Q

MECHANISMS THAT MAXIMIZE GENETIC INFORMATION

An example of Alternate Splicing mechanism

A

Cell surface and secreted forms of
antibodies

186
Q

MECHANISMS THAT MAXIMIZE GENETIC INFORMATION

An example wherein an intron encoding one isoform is an exon in another

A

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) and
PSA-linked molecule (PSA-LM)

187
Q

MECHANISMS THAT MAXIMIZE GENETIC INFORMATION

An example wherein an intron on one DNA strand is an
exon on the other

A

Neurofibromin and three other
genes

188
Q

MECHANISMS THAT MAXIMIZE GENETIC INFORMATION

An example wherein adding sugars form glycoproteins
or lipids to form lipoproteins

A

Cell surface molecules important in
cell-cell recognition

189
Q

MECHANISMS THAT MAXIMIZE GENETIC INFORMATION

An example wherein Precursor protein is cut to yield two
proteins

A

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

190
Q

MECHANISMS THAT MAXIMIZE GENETIC INFORMATION

o Caused by a deficiency in the two proteins DPP and DSP
o Both are cut from the same DSPP protein

A

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

191
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Most human genomes do not encode protein

A

TRUE

192
Q
  • Only 1.5% of human DNA encodes protein
  • Rest of genome includes:
A

o Viral DNA
o Noncoding RNAs
o Introns
o Promoters and other control sequences
o Repeated sequences

193
Q

copies DNA from RNA, enabling viruses to insert
their genetic material into human chromosomes

A

Reverse transcriptase

194
Q

These RNA control gene expression.

A

Long noncoding RNAs

195
Q

About 8% of our genome is derived from RNA viruses called

A

Retroviruses

196
Q

Genetic material
in the human chromosomes

A

Human endogenous retroviruses, or HERVs:

197
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Viral DNA helps in evidence of past infection

A

TRUE

198
Q

Nearly all of the human genome can be transcribed, and much of it is in the form of

A

noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs).

199
Q

noncoding RNA’s are transcribed from

A

pseudogenes

200
Q

Genes that are not translated into proteins

DNA sequences very similar to known
genes, but again are not translated

A

pseudogenes

201
Q

Connect mRNA codons to amino acids

A

tRNA genes

202
Q

Parts of ribosomes

A

rRNA genes

203
Q

Keeps transposons out of germline cells

A

Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)

204
Q

noncoding RNA between genes

A

Large intergenic noncoding RNAs

205
Q

Process rRNAs in nucleolus

A

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs)

206
Q

Parts of spliceosomes

A

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)

207
Q

Adds bases to chromosome tips

A

Telomerase RNA

208
Q

Inactivates one X chromosome in cells
of females

A

Xist RNA

209
Q

Parts of genes that are cut out of mRNA

A

Introns

210
Q

Guide enzymes that carry out DNA
replication, transcription, or translation

A

Promoters and other control
sequences

211
Q

Noncoding RNA that controls translation

A

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

212
Q

Noncoding RNA that controls translation of many genes

A

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)

213
Q

Repeats that move around the genome

A

Transposons

214
Q

Protects chromosome tips

A

Telomeres

215
Q

Largest constrictions in
chromosomes, providing attachment
points for spindle fibers

A

Centromeres

216
Q

Exome is the DNA that encodes proteins. Parental strand provides a template for DNA polymerase to bind complementary bases (A with T and G with C).

Both statements are true.

The first statement is true, and the second statement is false
.
Both statements are false.

The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

A

The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

217
Q

What identifies all the mRNA molecules made in a specific cell under specific circumstances?

A

Transcriptome

218
Q

What is the Genetic code for Arginine?

A

CGA

219
Q

What is the accepted hypothesis for DNA replication?

A

Semi-conservative

220
Q

DNA polymerase adds RNA polymerase chain to the RNA primer. RNA polymerases checks the bases and replaces incorrect ones.

Both statements are true.

The first statement is true, and the second statement is false
.
Both statements are false.

The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

A

BOTH STATEMENTS ARE FALSE

221
Q

What enables a retrovirus to copy its RNA into DNA?

A

Reverse transcriptase

222
Q

Which chromosome encodes the two beta chain in adult hemoglobin?

A

Chromosome 16

223
Q

Two epsilon (ε) + two zeta (ζ), are seen in an?

A

Embryo

224
Q

Which of the following is composed of pentose sugar and nitrogenous base?

Nucleoside

Nucleophosphate

Nucleotide

Nucleic acid

A

Nucleoside

CytoGenetics (3 decks)

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