Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CytoGenetics > Week 1: Historical Background and Definition > Flashcards

Week 1: Historical Background and Definition Flashcards

1
Q

What did HERMANN MULLER observe on his 3rd experiment on gene mutations?

A

physical mutations or physical changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The alleles or variants an individual carries in a particular gene or genetic location.

A

Genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The individual’s observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type.

A

Phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An allele whose characteristic it is connected to will be expressed in an individual.

A

Dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Scientific name of a Fruit fly, used by Muller

A

Drosophila melanogaster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

An allele whose characteristics it is connected to will be masked in an individual.

A

Recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This possesses an identical allele.

A

Homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Muller’s basis on determining lethal mutations

A

characteristics that are not present
on the offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

This possesses a different allele.

A

Heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This is a condition when one chromosome has a copy of the gene, and the other chromosome has that gene deleted or absent.

A

Hemizygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did HERMANN MULLER observe on the 1st and 2nd parts of his experiment on gene mutations?

A

Lethal Mutations or Lethal Allele Combinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

This is a single copy of autosomal gene is enough to express the trait.

A

Autosomal Dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

These two copies of the autosomal gene is required to express the trait.

A

Autosomal - Recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was Muller’s hypothesis during his experiments?

A

genetic mutations could be induced using x-rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This is where each of the two alleles of an autosomal gene contributes to the phenotype.

A

Autosomal - Codominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

This is seen in sex chromosomes; Only need one copy of the gene for it to be expressed.

A

X - linked Dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Discovered that Toad eggs fertilized with sperm that was exposed to x-ray resulted in embryos with developmental abnormalities

A

Charles Bardeen in 1907

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Muller’s three experiments were conducted on the range of these respective years

A

1926-1927

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

In 1826 Muller bred flies whose genomes contained particular genetic markers on X-Chromosome, which enabled him to identify mutations.

A

FALSE, 1926

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Muller’s work led him to define genetic mutation as?

A

A local alteration of a chromosome: a particular
allele was transformed into another one, the
“mutant gene”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In Muller’s experiment, no one’s being born with
Drosophila.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In Muller’s 3rd experiment a fly with three X chromosomes is called a?

A

Super female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

The ABO Blood Group System has two alleles that affect the expression of antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

A

FALSE; Three ( A, B, O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This gene can still be expressed even if there is just one copy.

A

X - linked Recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In Muller’s 3rd experiment a female fly was exposed to radiation, in which there were 3 chromosomes observed. Describe each X chromosomes relationship to the extra Y chromosome

A

2 X chromosomes are actually fused with an
extra Y chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In Muller’s 3rd experiment the male fly is
normal with both X and Y chromosome
but exposed to radiation. It is ____
because of some genetic marker.

A

black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In original Mendelian Genetics, a gene was described as?

A

A gene was no more than a unit of than a unit of function. Something transmitted in a discrete manner, and the substitution of which has a functional effect in the
phenotype.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In Classical Genetics, a gene is defined as?

A

a unit of recombination and a unit of mutation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The two scientists behind the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 in the era of Molecular Genetics

A

Francis Crick and James Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How many copies are applicable for males (XY)?

A

Only 1 copy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How many copies do female need for the trait (XX)?

A

Two copies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A change in a single nucleotide of DNA

A

Point Mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Francois Jacob and Jacques Mond, through their experimentation on two strains of E.coli developed this model

A

First Model of Regulation of Gene Expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A type of point mutation in which one base is incorrectly added during replication and replaces the pair.

A

Substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

They introduced the concepts of regulator genes and mRNA. They found out that there is a repressor which is an RNA and it is to inhibit gene expression. Both of them are Noble Peace Prize Winners

A

Francois Jacob and Jacques Mond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What illness is an example of Substitution in Point Mutation

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Scientist that experimented on Bacteriophage T4

A

Seymour Benzer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A type of point mutation in which one or more extra nucleotides are inserted into the replicationg DNA.

A

Insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

o Showed that recombination can occur in
many places within a single gene.
o Mutation events could affect a given gene at
many sites.
o He proposed the existence of mutation

A

Seymour Benzer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What llness/ blood disorder is a result of Insertion in Point Mutation?

A

Beta-thalassemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

_____________ proposed that genes are indivisible
traits or units and they are composed of linear
chemical building blocks called ___________

A

Seymour Benzer, nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

A type of point mutation in which one or more nucleotides are skipped or excised often resulting in a frameshift.

A

Deletion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What illness is a result of Deletion in Point Mutation?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

Mutations on MULTIPLE nucleotides can alter the
product of the genes.

A

FALSE, Single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

This is usually caused by insertion or deletion causing a change in the reading frame, resulting in a completely different translation from the original.

A

Frameshift Mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

A type of chromosomal mutation in which one region of the chromosome is flipped and reinserted.

A

Inversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Invention of Recombinant DNA Technologies or Genetic Engineering was from the ____’s onward

A

1950

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

A type of chromosomal mutation in which a region is lost resulting in an absence of the gene from that area.

A

Deletion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

When one gene from a specie is introduced to another species.

A

Recombinant DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

This is the most impressive discovery in molecular biology since 2000.

A

Discovery of non-coding RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Inversion can be seen in what syndrome?

A

Opitz-Kevagia Syndrome (X Chromosome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Deletion can be seen in what syndrome?

A

Cri-du-chat Syndrome (In Chromosome 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

These are RNAs that does not code or encode proteins; they are still functional.

A

Non-coding RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The study of inherited traits and their variation

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

A type of chromosomal mutation in which a region is duplicated resulting in an increase in dosage from the genes in that region.

A

Duplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Duplication can be seen in what Syndrome?

A

Pallister Killan Syndrome (In Chromosome 12)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Not just about inheritance or transmission of traits from parent to offspring, but also talks about mutations that may happen to our genes

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

In what chromosome does duplication occur in the Pallister Killan Syndrome?

A

Chromosome 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Examples of Non-coding RNA are:

A

tRNA (transfer RNA), rRNA
(ribosomal RNA), siRNA (small interfering
RNA), and miRNA (micro RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

From molecular structures up until the translation into a particular protein or a characteristic

A

Gene Expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

In what chromosome does deletion occur in the Cri-du-chat Syndrome?

A

Chromosome 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The function of Non-coding RNA

A

They are involved in the regulation of gene expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

A type of chromosomal mutation in which a region from one chromosome is aberrantly attached to another chromosome.

A

Translocation

64
Q

Cytogenetics became a key part of biology around ____ when Swiss botanist Karl Nageli first discovered chromosomes in pollens which he called transitory cytoblasts.

A

1842

65
Q

Translocation can be seen in what illness?

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

66
Q

Scientist that coined the term chromosomes.

A

1888, Wilhelm Waldeyer

67
Q

In what chromosome does translocation occur in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia?

A

Philadelphia Chromosome t(9;22)

68
Q

The Swiss botanist who first discovered chromosomes in pollens which he called transitory cytoblasts.

A

Karl Nageli

69
Q

The two processes of gene expression

A

Transcription and Translation

70
Q

These are caused by point mutations.

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

71
Q

This is a single base substituion that are present in the genome.

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

72
Q

Theories about evolution and are based on Gregor Mendel’s experiments (Mendelian Laws)

A

Fundamentals of Genetic

73
Q

This is the most common type of genetic variation

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

74
Q

These can act as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes that are associated with the disease.

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

75
Q

is a branch of genetics that studies the structure of DNA within the cell nucleus.

o Study of chromosomes.
o Involve testing samples of tissue, blood, or bone marrow in a laboratory to look for changes in chromosomes, including broken, missing, rearranged, or extra chromosomes

A

Cytogenetics

76
Q

This is where purine is substituted for pyrimidine

A

Transversion

77
Q

Officially emerged as a discipline in 1972.

A

Bioethics

78
Q

This is where point mutation causes a deleterious effect on peptide sequence.

A

Missense Mutation

79
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Bioethics as a discipline started way before the term bioethics was coined as people address issues raised by medical
experimentation.

A

TRUE

80
Q

Based on the idea that all species are related to one another and that each species undergo mutations and evolutions over time.

A

Theories about evolution

81
Q

This is where substituion of a single base pair leads to appearance of a stop codon.

A

Non - Sense Mutation

82
Q

Mutation in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism’s phenotype.

A

Silent Mutation

83
Q

Evolutions and mutations rely on?

A

Genetic variations

84
Q

Dictates the phenotypic charateristics of an organism

A

Genes

85
Q

The observable traits on an organism.

A

Phenotypic characteristics

86
Q

The Primary Ethical Issue in Genetics and Ethics

A

Genetic testing as a threat to privacy

87
Q

Uses of DNA Profiling

A

Forensic Science and Paternity Testing

88
Q

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

Malarial DNA found on King Tut is evidence that Genetics is NOT a tool in Illuminating History.

A

FALSE

89
Q

Genomic testing is an example of?

A

Precision Medicine

90
Q

An example of Diagnostic Medicine

A

GeneXpert Machine

91
Q

GMOs, Genome Editing, CRISPR-Cas9
Technology are all examples of?

A

Genetic Modification

92
Q

The following are examples of the importance of genetics except:

Establishing Identity
Exome Sequencing
Heredity

A

Heredity

93
Q

Study of inherited traits and their variation.

A

Genetics

94
Q

Transmission of traits and biological information between generations.

A

Heredity

95
Q

Units of heredity, a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome.

A

Genes

96
Q

Complete set of genetic instructions characteristic of an organism.

A

Genome

97
Q

Deals with analysis of genomes and comparison of genomes of species to reveal how a species is related to another.

A

Genomics

98
Q

is a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

A

Chromosome

99
Q

DNA are wrapped around proteins called

A

Histones

100
Q

The basic unit of DNA or RNA.

A

Nucleotide

101
Q

Components of a Nucleotide:

A

1 sugar unit (Deoxyribose or Ribose),
1 phosphate group, and 1 nitrogenous base

102
Q

Purines (Adenine and Guanine)
and Pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine) are examples of?

A

Nitrogenous Bases

103
Q

is a chain of biochemical that forms gene.

A

DNA

104
Q

Base Pairing is when

A

Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and
Guanine (To form the double-helix structure of DNA).

105
Q

The equivalent of Thymine in RNA

A

Thymine is replaced with Uracil in RNA.

106
Q

Either of the two strands
of a replicated
chromosome.

A

Chromatid

107
Q

Non-sex chromosomes
numbered to 22 pairs in
humans according to size

A

Autosome

108
Q

Sex chromosomes, single
pair.

A

Allosome

109
Q

Specific, fixed position on
a chromosome where a
particular gene or genetic
marker is located.

A

Locus

110
Q

One of the two or more
versions of a gene.

A

Allele

111
Q

A mutated allele that has
lost the ability of the
parent allele, silent gene

A

Amorph

112
Q

Why is blood considered a phenotypic characteristic?

A

Because we can observe it microcopically

113
Q

If a trait is beneficial to one organism or a group organism then that particular genetic variation may be passed on to the next generation

A

Process of natural selection

114
Q

This would help a group of organisms to survive

A

Evolution

115
Q

What is the name of Gregor Mendel’s memoir?

A

Gregor Mendel’s Memoir on Plant Hybridization

116
Q

How long did Gregor Mendel conduct his experiment and when wat it published?

A

1857-1865, it was published in 1865

117
Q

The plant used for plant hybridization experiment of Gregor Mendel

A

Pea plant

118
Q

Where did Gregor Mendel observe the pea plants?

A

Monastery

119
Q

Offspring would inherit the genes or characteristics from parents and characteristiccs will mix together

A

Blengding Theory of Inheritance

120
Q

What 3 situations did Mendel create with the pea plants?

A
  1. Produced a True or Pure Line
  2. Crossed a pure line of tall plants and pure line of short plants that produced offspring of pure tall plants (1st Gen)
  3. Crossed-bred the 1st generation and it produced 3 tall plants and 1
    short plant: homozygous tall, 2 heterozygous
    tall, and homozygous short.
121
Q

The 2 laws formulated by Mendel after his experiment

A
  1. Hybridization or Gene Segregation
  2. Independent Assortment
122
Q

Recessive trats are inherited but with this law, dominant traits masks or overpowers recessive traits

A

Law of Dominance

123
Q

When can we express recessive traits?

A

When the inherited genese are both recessive (homozygous recessive)

124
Q

When was genetics first cound as a word for the science of heredity?

A

1906

125
Q

Mendelian Genetics fuses with Chromosomal Theory of

A

1910s: Era of Classical Genetics

126
Q

Mendelian Genetics fuses with Chromosomal Theory of

A

1910s: Era of Classical Genetics

127
Q

The discovery of DNA made this possible

A

Late 1950s: Era of Molecular Biology

128
Q

Publication of Mendel’s memoir on plant hybridization

A

1965

129
Q

Gregor Mendel published his work in Brunn National History Society

A

1869

130
Q

Hugo de Vries published his own book on 1889 and was titled?

A

Intracellular Pangenesis

131
Q

What word did Hugo de Vries coin that means hereditary particles in cell?

A

Pangene

132
Q

In 1900, what were the names of the botanists that independently rediscovered Mendel’s Law which further solidified it?

A
  1. Hugo de Vries (Netherlands)
  2. Carl Correns (Germany)
  3. Erich von Tschemak (Austria)
133
Q

William Bateson explicitly connected Mendel’s laws with general questions of heredity in which book and when?

A

1902, A Defence of Mendel’s Principles of Heredity

134
Q

What words did William Bateson introduce?

A
  1. Allelomorph
  2. Heterozygote
  3. Homozygote
135
Q

In 1906, William Bateson uses the word “genetics” with reference to Mendel as proposed by his colleague?

A

Adam Sedgwick

136
Q

Wiliam Bateson was employed in _________ where he requested to use genetics to describe the science of heredity which was rejected

A

University of Cambridge (1906)

137
Q

In 1906, the word genetics was institutionalized after William Batesons proposed it in ________________________ and that it should be based on Mendel’s Law

A

3rd International conference on Plant Hybridization

138
Q

When was the report of 3rd International Conference on Genetics?

A

1907

139
Q

In 1909, who coined the term genes which refer to Mendelian units of heredity?

A

Wilhelm Johansenn

140
Q

Genetics was born as a result of complex intellectual history

A

Gayon, 2016

141
Q

Mendel’s experimental work on peas was crucial in the ____________ but, he did not intend to offer general laws of heredity. Supposedly, it was only for the development of hybrids in plants.

A

Methodological sense

142
Q

Mendel’s memoir remained unknown until the 1900s where the three botanists (_______________) rediscovered the laws which they did not intend as well (it was only for hybridization)

A
  1. Hugo de Vries (Netherlands)
  2. Carl Correns (Germany)
  3. Erich von Tschemak (Austria)
143
Q

The book of Bateson “A Defence of Mendel’s Principles of Heredity (1902) hat two significant contributions

A
  1. Mendel’s First Law can also be applied on animals
  2. introduced technical terms (allelomorph, homozygote, heterozygote)
144
Q

In 1906, the birth date of genetics would be too late becase?

A

A significant international community of Mendelians already existed by then

145
Q

What really occured in 1906 in line with the birth of Genetics?

A

it is the official creation of genetics as a discipline in the institutional sense

146
Q

Fusion or combination of Chromosomal Theory and Mendelian Genetics

A

Classical Genetics

147
Q

Individual genes are found at specific location on a particular chromosome and the behavior of these chromosomes during meiosis can explain why genees are inherited based on Mendelian Genetics

A

Chromosomal Theory of Heredity

148
Q

In 1902, who proposed chromosomes as the bearers of Mendelian Factor

A

William Sutton and Theodore Boveri

149
Q

The two proponents of the Chromosomal Theory of Heredity

A

William Sutton and Theodore Boveri

150
Q

An American geneticist who observed chromosomes and meiosis in grasshoppers

A

William Sutton

151
Q

A German geneticist that used sea urchin to observe chromosomes during meiosis

A

Theodore Boveri

152
Q

The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity was not widely accepted by the Mendelians until?

A

1915

153
Q

He worked on heredity with fruit flies using both chromosomal theory and mendelian genetics

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

154
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan published the book ____________ which is considered the omst important book in the entire history of Genetics

A

The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity

155
Q

When did Thomas Hunt Morgan publish the book “The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity”

A

1915

156
Q

Zygote receives only one version of a given gene from each parent

A

Law of segragation (Purity of gametes)

157
Q

Deals with observable traits and the inheritance patters that they follow as the pass from parents to offspring

A

Classical Genetics

CytoGenetics (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions