Week 2: Cell and Cell Division Flashcards
What is the basic unit of life?
Cell
Who discovered the Cell?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Where did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek get the name “cell” from?
Because of its box shaped appearance
What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek use to identify what we now call cells
Vegetable cells, particularly onion
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Cellular Activities underlie our inherited traits, quirks, and illnesses
TRUE
Is it possible for DNA testing to know of your personality and diseases?
Yes, it is.
How many specialized or differentiated cell types form our four basic tissue types?
More than 290 specialized or differentiated cell types
This is where a variety of cell types and surrounding materials protect, support, bind to cells, and fill spaces throughout the body, include cartilage, bone, blood, and fat.
Connective Tissue
This is where tight cell layers from linings that protect, secrete, absorb, and excrete
Epithelium
This is where cells contract, providing movement.
Muscle
This is where neurons transmit information as electrochemical impulses that coordinate movement and also sense and respond to environmental stimuli, neuroglia support and nourish neurons.
Nervous Tissue
This has two copies of the genome and are said to be diploid.
Somatic (Body Cells)
This is where they have one copy of the genome and are haploid
Germ (Sperm and Egg Cells)
This is where it Can divide to give rise to differentiated cells and to other stem cells through self-renewal.
Stem Cells
The only cell that is capable of self - renewal
Stem Cells
This means that they can give rise to a certain cell that is identical or similar to them.
Self-Renewal
What are the true bacteria pathogens of human?
Eubacteria
This is prokaryotic; also called eubacteria
Bacteria
This is prokaryotic; also called bacteria
Archaea
What does archaea mean?
Ancient; Ancient forms of prokaryotic cells
What does kernel mean?
Nucleus
These are simple and unicellular organisms without nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotes
These are complex and multicellular organisms with nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes
Where is the genetic material of prokaryotes located?
Nucleoid
Where is the genetic material of eukaryotes located?
Nucleus
What are the major macromolecules that makeup the cells?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
These provide energy and contribute to cell structure
Carbohydrates
These form the basis of some hormones, form membranes, provide insulation (heat), and store energy
Lipids
What is the primary molecule for energy source in carbohydrates?
Lucose
This is also stored as an energy source
Lipids
These have many diverse functions such as forming the contractile fibers of muscle cells, enabling blood to clot, and forming the bulk of connective tissues.
Proteins
They are important proteins because they facilitate, or catalyze, biochemical reactions
Enzymes
These are the most important macromolecules to the study of genetics
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
This is based on a highly organized subset of the chemical reaction of life.
Genetics
This is where – too many cells are replicating; the most
prominent disease; the uncontrolled growth of cells.
Cancer
The most prominent or important cell/ organelle of the body
Nucleus
This is surrounded by a layer of the nuclear envelope,
encloses the nucleus.
Nucleus
Also called “little nucleus’’; this is where ribosomes are produced/synthesized; where you can find the ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Nucleolus
These allow the movement of biochemicals
Nuclear Pores
These provide mechanical support and holds nuclear pores in place
Nuclear lamina
This produces ribosomes
Nucleolus
Also called “cytosol” when other cellular parts are removed
Cytoplasm
It is the liquid matrix of the cell
Cytoplasm
Also called the “cell membrane”
Plasma Membrane
This is the outer boundary of the cell
Plasma Membrane
The release of a substance from a cell
Secretion
What is the Central Dogma of the Cell?
Replication (DNA), Transcription (mRNA), and Translation (tRNA)
What forms proteins?
Amino Acids
This is where protein synthesis takes place
Ribosomes
This is where ribosomes are produced
Nucleolus
This is the interconnected membranous tubules & sacs that winds from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
This contains ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis
Rough ER
This does not contain ribosomes and is important in lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
This is a stack of interconnected flat, “membrane-enclosed” sacs
Golgi Apparatus
This is the processing center that adds sugar forming glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Golgi Apparatus
What is formed in the Golgi Apparatus?
Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
Self digestion inside the cell
Intracellular Digestion
This is oftem referred to the ‘ trash bin of the cell’
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound sacs contianing 43 types of digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
This dismantles bacterial remnants, worn out organelles, and excess cholesterol.
Lysosomes
This organelle engages in autophagy
Lysosomes
The process wherein a certain cell destroys itself when it detects certain damage
Autophagy
What does the lysosome require for it to be activated
A highly acidic environment
These are sacs with outer membranes studded with several types of enzymes
Peroxisomes
This is predominant in liver and kidney cells
Peroxisomes
This breaks down lipids and rare biochemicals
Peroxisomes
These synthesizes bile acids
Peroxisomes
These detoxify compounds from exposure to oxygen free radicals
Peroxisomes
These provide energy by breaking chemical bonds that hold together nutrient molecules in food
Mitochondria
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
The mitochondria is surrounded by three membranes
FALSE; two membranes
Where is freed energy stored?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The folding structure or parts of mitochondria; this allow greater surface area for energy production.
Cristae
Site of protein synthesis and folding; lipid synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Site where sugars are made and linked into starches or
joined to lipids or proteins; proteins finish folding; secretions stored
Golgi Apparatus
Degrades debris; recycles cell contents
Lysosome
Releases energy from nutrients
Mitochondrion
Breaks down and detoxifies various molecules
Peroxisome
Scaffold and catalyst for protein synthesis
Ribosome
Temporarily stores on transport substances
Vesicles
Separate DNA Within the cell
Nucleus
It is composed of a double layer (bilayer) of molecules called phospholipids.
Biological Membrane
In the biological membrane, what is formed by membrane proteins
Channels for ions to pass through
What is embedded in the phospholipid bilayer?
Proteins
What molecules extend from the plasma membrane?
Receptors
This is where molecules form pathways that detect signals from outside the cell and transmit them inward.
Signal Transduction
This is where the plasma membrane helps cells attach to certain other cells for transmitting information.
Cellular Adhesion
This is referred to as the “backbone of the cell”
Cytoskeleton
It is a meshwork of protein rods and tubules
Cytoskeleton
This is made up of dimers of tubulin.
Microtubules
This is made up of actin molecules making up a long thin rod
Microfilaments
This is made up of many protein dimers; its diameter is intermediary of microtubule and microfilament
Intermediate filaments
It is a kind of disease that break downs intermediate filaments.
Giant Axonal Neuropathy (GAN)
This is often referred to as “cell death”
Apoptosis
The division of DNA and the rest of the cell
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Part of the cell cycle where the cell continues basic functions
Interphase
Part of the cell cycle where there is division of DNA and the rest of the cell
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Part of the cell cycle where the cells die; A genetically programmed sequence of events
Apoptosis
What are the two major parts of the cell cycle?
Interphase and Mitosis
What composes the Interphase?
G1, S, and G2 phases
Phase where protein synthesis and other biomolecules are also synthesized in preparation for cell division
G1 and G2
Phase where DNA replication happens
S phase
This is made up of microtubules
Mitotit Spindle
Unreplicated chromosome; when this replicates, condensation happens making it tighly coiled
Chromatid
Unreplicated chromosome; when this replicates, condensation happens making it tighly coiled
Chromatid
The space between the sister chromatids
Furrow
The middle part where the sister chromatids attach
Centromere
This is where the mitotic spindle attaches
Centriole
The phase in Cell Division where the DNA coils tightly and the nucleolus is not visible
Prophase
The phase in Cell Division where the chromosomes attach the spindle at their centromeres and align along the cell’s equator
Metaphase
The phase in Cell Division where the centromeres divide and chromatids separate and become independent chromosomes.
Anaphase
The phase in Cell Division where the spindle falls apart and the nucleoli and membranes around the nuclei form at each end of the elongated cell.
Telophase
The phase in Cell Division where the cells looks like a dumbell
Telophase
When does cytoplasmic division occur?
After the nuclear division is complete
This is where the cells are taking a pause to check if DNA has a damage and properly replicated before it reproduces
DNA Damage Checkpoint
This promotes the cell to survive
Apoptosis Checkpoint
This is where the cells check the status of chromosomes attached in the mitotic spindle
Spindle Assembly checkpoint
This is often referred to as the “internal clock of the cell”
Telomeres
This is located at the ends of the chromosomes
Telomeres
This contains hundreds to thousands of repeats of a 6-base DNA sequence (TTAGGG)
Telomeres
Another type of cell cycle control
Crowding
This is produced by a certain gland such as endocrine gland and will be released to the blood stream until it reaches its target effect or organ
Hormones
A more localized process like the growth factors needed in bone marrow to be able to create certain blood cells.
Growth Factors
These are outside substances/ forces that affect the cell cycle
Hormones and Growth Factors
What proteins interact inside the cells and activate the genes whose products carry out mitosis
Cyclins and Kinases
What killer enzymes are activated in Apoptosis?
Caspases
What cells digest the remains in apoptosis?
Phagocytes
What do dying cells form?
They form bulges called blebs
A cell death that has a physiologic cause
Apoptosis
A cell death that has a pathologic cause; caused by a certain inflammation or infection that is not created by your body
Necrosis
What do stem cells produce?
Two daughter cells or a stem cell and a progenitor cell
How does a stem cell divide/
Mitosis
These cells do not have the capacity of self-renewal; a more specialized cell
Progenitor Cells
This type of cell can give rise to every cell type
Totipotent
This type of cell have fewer possible fates
Pluripotent
This type of cell have only a few developmental choices
Multipotent
The 3 general sources of human stem cells
Embryonic Stem Cells (ES), Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS), Adult Stem Cells
A type of stem cell created in a lab dish using the inner cell mass (ICM) of an embryo.
Embryonnic Stem (ES) cells
A type of stem cell where somatic cells are repogrammed to differentiate into any of several cell types
Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells
A type of stem cell that is tissue-specific or somatic cells (acquired from someone who has a certain disease)
Adult stem cells
What are formed from special cells called germ line cells?
Gametes
What is produced in meiosis?
4 daughter cells
Referred to as “reduction division”, this reduces the number of chromosomes from 46 to 23
Meiosis 1
Referred to as “equational division”, this produces four cells from the two produced in Meiosis 1
Meiosis 2
In Mitosis, how many daughter cells are produced?
Only two (2)
What cell division occurs in somatic cells?
Mitosis
What cell division occurs in germ line cells?
Meiosis
The purpose of this cell division is for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
Mitosis
The purpose of this cell division is for sexual reproduction, and producing new gene combinations
Meiosis
Phase in Meiosis 1 where homologs pair-up and undergo crossing over
Prophase 1
Phase in Meosis where homologous pairs align along the equator of the cell
Metaphase 1
Phase in Meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase 1
Phenomenon in which the sistser chromatids exchange certain genetic molecules
Cross-over phenomenon
Phase in Meiosis 1 where the spindle disappaears but centromers of each homolog remain together
Telophase 1
Phase in Meiosis 2 where nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle forms and fibers attach to both chromosomes
Prophase 2
Phase in Meiosis 2 where chromosomes align along the equator of the cell
Metaphase 2
Phase in Meiosis 2 where sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of cell
Anaphase 2
Phase in Meiosis 2 where the nuclear envelope reforms and separates into individual cells
Telophase 2
This is where the primary spermatocyte produces two haploid secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis 1
This is where each secondary spermatocyte produces two equal-sized spermatids
Meiosis 2
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Age has nothing to do with sperm quality
FALSE; The quality of sperm produced are not that good as the male ages
A disease in which the person has short-limbed dwarfism; non lethal
Achondroplasia
A disease in which there is premature fusion of skull bones in infancy, causing wide-spaced and bulging eyes, beaked nose, short upper lip, small upper jaw, jutting lower jaw
Crouzan Syndrome
A disease in which there are cancers of thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2
A disease in which there is premature fusion of skull bones in infancy and fused fngers and toes
Pfeiffer Syndrome
A disease in which there is severe short-limbed dwarfism; is lethal
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
This begins with a diploid oogonium
Oogenesis
This is considered an embryo for the first 8 weeks
Prenatal Human
When is a child considered a fetus?
From the start of Week 9 until birth
A fertilized Ovum
Zygote
The unuon of sperm and oocyte
Fertilization
What aids sperm penetration?
Acrosomal Enzymes
The stage in early prenatal development 12 to 24 hours following ovulation
Fertilized Ovum
The stage in early prenatal development 30 hours to the third day
Cleavage
The stage in early prenatal development in the third to fourth day
Morula
The stage in early prenatal development in the fifth day through the second week
Blastocyst
The stage in early prenatal development at the end of the second week
Gastrula
When is the placenta fully formed in embyonic formation?
By 10 weeks
The primary germ layer which is the outermost layer
Ectoderm
The primary germ layer which is the middle layer
Mesoderm
The primary germ layer which is the Innermost layer
Endoderm
This type of mulitple birth is where two sperm fertilize two oocytes
Dizygotic Twins (Fraternal)
This type of multiple birth arise from a single fertilized ovum?
Monozygotic Twins
The transformation of the simple three germ layers into distinct organs.
Organogenesis
When does all the organs that will be present in the newborn begin to develop
Week 8 of Embryo Development
What happens in week 3 of embryonic development?
A band called the primitive streak appears along the back of the embryo
When do sex organs become more distinct?
By week 6
When will vocal cords be formed in fetus growth?
By week 18
When does the fetal brain cell link into networks as organs elaborate and grow, and fat fills out the skin?
The Final Trimester
MODIFED TRUE OR FALSE
Most birth defects develop during the fetus growth
FALSE; Most birth defects develop during the embryonic period
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Birth defects that arise during fetal growth are more severe
FALSE; Birth defects that arise during embryonic period are more severe than those that arise during fetal period
This is the time when genetic abnormalities, toxc substances, or viruses can alter a specific structure
Critical Period
These are chemicals or other agents that cause birth defects
Teratogens
These can affect how certain genes can create risks that appear later
Environmental Factors
The average lifespan of a person living with Ataxia Telangiecstacia
19 - 25
The average life span of a person living with Cockayne Syndrome
20
The average lifespan of a person living with Hutchingson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome
13
The average lifespan of a person living with Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome
Normal
The average lifespan of a person living with Tricothiodystrophy
10
The average lifespan of a person living with Werner Syndrome
50
When was the term “genome” coined?
1920
This refers to a complete set of chromosomes and its genes
Genome
This is the study of genomes
Genomics
When was the term “genomics” coined?
1986
This distinguishes DNA sequences that are at least 5,000 kilobases apart.
Cytogenic Map
This distinguishes genes hundreds of kilobases apart
Linkage Map
This distinguishes genes tens of kilobases apart
Physical Map
This depicsts the order of bases
Sequence Map
Gene-by-gene approach that matches single genes to specific diseases.
Positional Cloning
When did the Human Genome project emerge?
1980s
When did the Human Genome Project start?
1990
When was the sequence of the Human Genome Project finished?
2003
When was the draft of the Human Genome Project?
2001
This enables researches to find protein-encoding genes.
Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) Technology
This displays short DNA molecules
DNA microarrays
To ease the comparisons and interpretations of the human genome, researchers derived a reference genome sequence which is a digital DNA sequence
assembles from the most common base at each point
of sequenced genomes.
Comparative Genetics
The description and significance of a particular gene variant
Annotation
