Week 3 Cardiovascular

Question 1

Congenital Heart disease

Answer 1

Defects of the heart preventing normal blood flow to the pulmonary and/ or systemic system.
- Increased pulmonary blood flow
- Decreased pulmonary blood flow
- obstruction to blood flow
- mixed blood flow

Question 2

Risk factors for congenital heart disease

Answer 2

Maternal factors:
- infection
- alcohol or substance use during pregnancy
- diabetes mellitus
Genetic factors:
- history of heart disease
- Trisomy 21
- congenital anomalies

Question 3

Defects that increase pulmonary blood flow

Answer 3

• Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
• Atrial septal defect (ASD)
• Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Question 4

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Answer 4

A hold in the septum between the right and left ventricle (left to right shunt)
loud, harsh murmur auscultated at the left sternal border
heart failure
many VSDs close spontaneously early in life

Question 5

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Answer 5

A hole in the septum between the right and left atria
loud, harsh murmur with a fixed split second heart sound (whooshing sound soft upper left sternal border)
heart failure
asymptomatic <— usually

Question 6

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Answer 6

Condition in which normal fetal circulation conduit between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close and results in increased pulmonary blood flow
systolic murmur
wide pulse pressure
bounding pulses
asymptomatic
heart failure
rales

Question 7

Obstructive defects

Answer 7

Those where blood flow exiting the heart meets an area of narrowing (stenosis), which causes obstruction of blood flow
- leads to a decreased cardiac output

Question 8

Pulmonary stenosis

Answer 8

A narrowing of the pulmonary valve or pulmonary artery that results in obstruction of blood flow from the ventricles
- cannot accommodate to keep body oxygenated

Question 9

Aortic stenosis

Answer 9

A narrowing of the aortic valve
Infants: faint pulses, hypotension, tachycardia, poor feeding tolerance.
Children: intolerance to exercise, dizziness, chest pain, possible ejection murmur.

Question 10

Coarctation of the aorta

Answer 10

Narrowing of the lumen of the aorta
Obstruction of blood flow from the ventricle
- Elevated blood pressure in the arms
- bounding pulses in upper extremity
- decreased blood pressure in lower extremities
- weak femoral pulses
assess breathing, breath sounds

Question 11

Decrease pulmonary blood flow defects

Answer 11

Tetralogy of fallout
Tricuspid atresia
Atrioventricular canal defect

Question 12

Tetralogy of fallot

Answer 12

Combination of four heart changes present at birth (P.R.O.V)
-Pulmonary stenosis
-Right ventricular hyper trophy
-Overriding aorta
-Ventricular septal defect

Question 13

Tricuspid atresia

Answer 13

Complete closure of the tricuspid valve
An atrial septal opening needs to be present to allow blood to enter left atrium
- infants: cyanosis, dyspnea, tachycardia
- children: hypoxemia, clubbing of the fingers

Question 14

Mixed defects

Answer 14

Transposition of the great arteries
Truncus arteriosus
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Question 15

Transposition of the great arteries

Answer 15

A condition in which the aorta is connected to the right ventricle instead of the left.
And the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle instead of the right
a septal defect or a PDA must exist in order to oxygenate the blood

Question 16

Truncus arteriosus

Answer 16

Failure of septum formation, resulting in a single vessel that comes off the ventricles

Question 17

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Answer 17

Left side of the heart is underdeveloped
An ASD or patent for amen ovale allows from oxygenation of the blood