week 3: brainstem, cerebellum, ventricles

Question 1

brainstem

Answer 1

medulla, pons, and midbrain

Question 2

brainstem contains several collections of cell bodies (4) :

Answer 2

CN nuclei, the reticular formation, the diffuse reticular formation, and the nucleus raphe

Question 3

cerebellum

Answer 3

lies parallel to the motor cortex, brainstem, and SC ; little brain 3 lobes on cerebellum

Question 4

hemispheres of cerebellum divided into ________, ________, _____

Answer 4

anterior lobe, posterior lobe and the flocculonodular lobe

Question 5

the cerebellum has 3 functional regions

Answer 5

the vermis, the lateral and intermediate zones in each hemisphere

Question 6

information from the vermis is sent out via ____________

Answer 6

fastigial nuclei

Question 7

information from the intermediate zone goes out through the ___________

Answer 7

interposed nucleus

Question 8

information from the lateral zone goes out through the _________

Answer 8

dentate nuclei

Question 9

cerebellar peduncles

Answer 9

3 symmetrical pairs of tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem ; superior, middle, inferior ; gigantic tracts that are literally hold the cerebellum to the brainstem

Question 10

cerebellar cortex is arranged into ___ layers

Answer 10

3: molecular, purkinje and granular; contains 5 types of neurons

Question 11

purkinje cells of the cerebellum

Answer 11

predominate neurons; output goes to deep cerebellar nuclei and some in vestibular nuclei

Question 12

stellate and basket cells of the cerebellum

Answer 12

inhibitory interneurons in the molecular layer of the cortex

Question 13

granule cells of the cerebellum

Answer 13

excitatory neurons that receive excitatory input from the mossy fibers and synapse on the dendrites of the purkinje fibers, found the granular layer

Question 14

Golgi type II cells of the cerebellum

Answer 14

inhibitory neurons in the granular layer

Question 15

deep cerebellar nuclei project to where?

Answer 15

vestibular nuclei, red nucleus, thalamus, and basal ganglia

Question 16

the cerebellum is not necessary for what function?

Answer 16

perception or contraction of muscles (removal does not impair it)

Question 17

damage to the cerebellum results in ?

Answer 17

jerky, erratic, uncoordinated movements

Question 18

cerebellum acts as a modulator of ____________

Answer 18

motor activity ; provides feedback to motor cortex and “smoothing out”

Question 19

cerebellum acts indirectly to control movement and posture by doing what?

Answer 19

adjusting output to the major descending pathways

Question 20

cerebellum improves accuracy of movements by doing what?

Answer 20

comparing commands with movements

Question 21

the cerebellum essentially functions to regulate what?

Answer 21

rate, range, direction, and force of muscular activity

Question 22

2 excitatory inputs come into the cerebellum

Answer 22

1) climbing fibers: originate from inferior olivary nucleus and terminate on purkinje
2) mossy fibers: come from pons, SC, and excite granule cells and influence purkinke cells indirectly

Question 23

3 functional divisions of the cerebellum

Answer 23

1) vestibulocerebellum 2) spinocerebellum 3) cerebrocerebellum

Question 24

vestibulocerebellum

Answer 24

equal to the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum; receives input from vestibular nuclei and projects back in directly ; controls eye movements and equilibrium during walking and standing

Question 25

spinocerebellum

Answer 25

corresponds to the vermis and the intermediate zones of the hemispheres ; vermis receives somatosensory information from SC, sends output via fastigial nucleus and motor nuclei ; concerned with equilibrium and postural control; intermediate sos also gets info from SC and deals with posture and gait