week 2: vasculature, pituitary gland, external structures Flashcards
nervous system receives blood supply directly form the heart via the right and left ______ _____
internal carotid
the NS receives blood directly from the heart, but also from the _____ _____
vertebral arteries
the right and left vertebral arteries join to form the _______
basilar artery (lies along the base of the pons)
the basilar and the circle of willis join to form the ______________
circle of willis
5 arteries that arise from the circle of willis
anterior cerebral , anterior communicating cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral, and posterior communicating cerebral arteries
the pituitary gland extends from the ventral surface of the _________
hypothalamus
the pituitary gland extends from the hypothalamus via the ____________ or the __________
pituitary stalk or infundibulum
neurohypophysis
the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland ; of neuroectodermal origin
adenohypophysis
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland ; of ectodermal origin
what does the pituitary gland control?
the pituitary gland indirectly and directly controls the endocrine system by the hypothalamus
which lobe of the pituitary directly controls the endocrine system?
the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) ; achieves direct control by the secretion of hormones into the general circulation through the vasculature
magnocellular neurons
large neurons in the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus make arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin ; related to the posterior pituitary
which lobe of the pituitary indirectly controls the endocrine system?
the anterior lobe of the pituitary (adenohypophysis) ; achieved by the secretion of regulating hormones into the local portal plexus , which drains into the to blood vessels of the adenohypophysis
three vesicles formed as the neural tub develops
prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) , rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
the prosencephalon divides into
telencephalon and the diencephalon
the rhomboencephalon divides into the
mesencephalon and the myelencephalon
the telencephalon becomes the
cerebral hemispheres
within the cerebral hemispheres there are the (3 systems)
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
all of the structures of the ______ play a role in higher perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions
telencephalon
the diencephalon becomes the _____ and the _________
thalamus and the hypothalamus
thalamus
major relay station between telencephalon and the other brain regions
hypothalamus
coordinates the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems
which division of the embryonic CNS is the least developed?
the mesencephalon
the mesencephalon is important for what 3 functions ?
1) eye movement 2) essential relay in the auditory pathway and 3) motor control and skeletal muscles
the mesencephalon becomes the _____ and the _______
pons and the cerebellum
the _____ contains a massive set of relay nuclei
pons
the pons does what?
contains relay nuclei that relay information from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum
the cerebellum is highly involved in _______ ______
motor control
the myelencephalon becomes the _________ _______
medulla oblongata
what is the medulla oblongata?
the rostral extension of the SC contains cranial nerve nuclei and the area of fiber crossing in the CNS
what structure eventually becomes the SC?
the long tubular component extending caudally from the vesicles
________ are the largest part of the brain in most mammals
cerebral hemispheres
bumps and grooves are called
gyri, sulci, and fissures
sulcus
a small groove
fissure
a large groove
a gyrus
the bulge between the sulci or fissures
the largest part of the cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex
the cerebral cortex can be divided into:
divided based on phylogenetic origin ; 1) archicortex 2) paleocortex 3) mesocortex 4)neocortex
archicortex
the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and the amygdala ; important for learning and memory
paleocortex
olfactory cortex, pyriform lobe, and parts of the parahippocampal gyrus ; form limbic system
mesocortex
parts of hippocampal gyrus , and the cingulate gyrus ; also limbic system structures
neocortex
most phylogenetically recent area of the cortex; 80-90% of the cortex ; made of 4 lobes : frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal
central sulcus
separates the frontal and parietal lobes (in humans)
Sylvian or lateral fissure
separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
interhemispheric fissure
separates 2 hemispheres
neurons of the neocortex are arranged into what organization pattern?
6 layer laminar organization with functional columns
gray matter
gray appearance of the cerebral hemispheres ; comes from the neurons that give the cerebral cortex its grayish color
beneath the cerebral cortex lies the ________
white matter ; myelinated axons give it its color
axon
projection sent out by a neuron used to communicate with other neurons
axon is covered in ______
a fatty substance known as myelin
basal ganglia
participates in control of motor activity
telencephalon subcortical nuclei that make up the basal ganglia
the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei
lentiform nucleus
putamen and globus pallidus ; sends outputs via the lenticular fasciclulus
striatum
the caudate and putamen ; produces stratal outputs
inputs to the basal ganglia come via the __________
cerebral cortex; mainly sensory and motor areas
outputs from the basal ganglia go out via the __________ to the _________
globus pallidus to the thalamus
limbic system
functional grouping of a number of prosencephalic structures ; comprised of both telencephalic and diencephalic structures ; plays a role in emotional and memory
telencephalic structures of the limbic system
cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus, the hippocampus, fornix, the amygdala, and olfactory bulb
the amygdala
connected to the olfactory and limbic systems ; plays a role in emotional behaviors ; lies in the temporal lobe
the hippocampus
plays integral part in attention, learning, and memory; in the temporal lobe , resembles a seahorse
nucleus accumbens
part of the limbic system , part of the reward system
the diencephalic structures of the limbic system
the mammillary bodies, the hypothalamus, and the anterior nucleus of the thalamus
thalamus
diencephalic structure ; processes most info reaching cerebral cortex ; has a football shape
hypothalamus
diencephalic structure ; regulates autonomic , endocrine, and visceral integration
nuclei of the thalamus are broken into 2 categories:
1) relay nuclei and 2) diffuse projection nuclei
relay nuclei of the thalamus
receive inputs of specific sensory modalities and projects to specific areas of sensory cortex ; ventral, medial geniculate , lateral , medial dorsal nucleus
ventral posterior lateral nucleus
relay nuclei of the thalamus ; touch ; projects to primary somatic sensory in post central gyrus in the parietal lobe
medial geniculate
relay nuclei of the thalamus; auditory inputs ; projects to auditory cortex in temporal lobe
lateral geniculate
relay nuclei of the thalamus ; visual inputs; projects to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
medial dorsal nucleus
relay nuclei of the thalamus ; olfactory inputs; projects to orbitofrontal cortex
lateral posterior nucleus
relay nuclei of the thalamus ; touch ; projects to the posterior parietal lobe association area ; recognize shapes by touch
pulvinar
relay nuclei of the thalamus ; visual ; from occipital cortex; projects to parietal and temporal lobes for identification of objects
diffuse projection nuclei of the thalamus
anterior, midline, intralaminar, centromedian and reticular ; project to many cortical areas ; and contribute to the integration of motivational aspects of behavior
the hypothalamus
made of a cluster of nuclei including the lateral hypothalamic, pre optic, supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, arcuate ; includes the puberal region and the mammillary bodies
the ______ is the control center for essential visceral, endocrine, and metabolic activities
hypothalamus
epithalamus
area above the thalamus; includes the pineal body, habenula , and stria medullar is
mesenecphalon
the midbrain lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain
the mesencephalon / midbrain is ______ than other parts of the brain
less differentiated
on the roof of the midbrain is the _____
tectum
two rounded elevations of the tectum of the midbrain
1) superior colliculus
2) inferior colliculus
superior colliculus
part of the tectum in the midbrain ; important visual center ; inputs come from the retina/optic nerves; involved in location of visual stimuli, orienting responses
inferior colliculus
important auditory center
tegmentum in the midbrain
lies beneath the tectum and contains 5 structures: red nucleus, reticular formation, substantial nigra, ventral tegmental area, crus cerebra (cerebral peduncles)
red nucleus
motor center
reticular formation
important for consciousness
substantia nigra
important for consciousness
ventral tegmental area
dopaminergic nuclei in reward circuitry
crus cerebri/ cerebral peduncles
fibers that travel from cortex to SC, pons, and reticula formation ; become the pyramidal tract in the medulla ; connects cerebellum to midbrain, pons, and medulla
metencephalon
contains the pons, the cerebellum,
cerebellum
modulates the rate, force, and range of muscular contractions for their smooth interplay in movement and posture
pons
serves as a relay for the telencephalic structures and the cerebellum. the pose also contains noradrenergic locus coerulues and the serotonergic nucleus raphe and the reticular formation
myelencephalon
becomes medulla oblongata, contains 5 of th e12 cranial nerve ; vital ; contributes to the regulation of breathing and HR, and also sensory and motor decussations