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neuro lab > week 2: vasculature, pituitary gland, external structures > Flashcards

week 2: vasculature, pituitary gland, external structures Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system receives blood supply directly form the heart via the right and left ______ _____

A

internal carotid

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2
Q

the NS receives blood directly from the heart, but also from the _____ _____

A

vertebral arteries

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3
Q

the right and left vertebral arteries join to form the _______

A

basilar artery (lies along the base of the pons)

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4
Q

the basilar and the circle of willis join to form the ______________

A

circle of willis

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5
Q

5 arteries that arise from the circle of willis

A

anterior cerebral , anterior communicating cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral, and posterior communicating cerebral arteries

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6
Q

the pituitary gland extends from the ventral surface of the _________

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

the pituitary gland extends from the hypothalamus via the ____________ or the __________

A

pituitary stalk or infundibulum

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8
Q

neurohypophysis

A

the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland ; of neuroectodermal origin

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9
Q

adenohypophysis

A

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland ; of ectodermal origin

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10
Q

what does the pituitary gland control?

A

the pituitary gland indirectly and directly controls the endocrine system by the hypothalamus

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11
Q

which lobe of the pituitary directly controls the endocrine system?

A

the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) ; achieves direct control by the secretion of hormones into the general circulation through the vasculature

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12
Q

magnocellular neurons

A

large neurons in the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus make arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin ; related to the posterior pituitary

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13
Q

which lobe of the pituitary indirectly controls the endocrine system?

A

the anterior lobe of the pituitary (adenohypophysis) ; achieved by the secretion of regulating hormones into the local portal plexus , which drains into the to blood vessels of the adenohypophysis

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14
Q

three vesicles formed as the neural tub develops

A

prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) , rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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15
Q

the prosencephalon divides into

A

telencephalon and the diencephalon

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16
Q

the rhomboencephalon divides into the

A

mesencephalon and the myelencephalon

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17
Q

the telencephalon becomes the

A

cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

within the cerebral hemispheres there are the (3 systems)

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

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19
Q

all of the structures of the ______ play a role in higher perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions

A

telencephalon

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20
Q

the diencephalon becomes the _____ and the _________

A

thalamus and the hypothalamus

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21
Q

thalamus

A

major relay station between telencephalon and the other brain regions

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22
Q

hypothalamus

A

coordinates the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems

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23
Q

which division of the embryonic CNS is the least developed?

A

the mesencephalon

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24
Q

the mesencephalon is important for what 3 functions ?

A

1) eye movement 2) essential relay in the auditory pathway and 3) motor control and skeletal muscles

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25
Q

the mesencephalon becomes the _____ and the _______

A

pons and the cerebellum

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26
Q

the _____ contains a massive set of relay nuclei

A

pons

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27
Q

the pons does what?

A

contains relay nuclei that relay information from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum

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28
Q

the cerebellum is highly involved in _______ ______

A

motor control

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29
Q

the myelencephalon becomes the _________ _______

A

medulla oblongata

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30
Q

what is the medulla oblongata?

A

the rostral extension of the SC contains cranial nerve nuclei and the area of fiber crossing in the CNS

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31
Q

what structure eventually becomes the SC?

A

the long tubular component extending caudally from the vesicles

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32
Q

________ are the largest part of the brain in most mammals

A

cerebral hemispheres

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33
Q

bumps and grooves are called

A

gyri, sulci, and fissures

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34
Q

sulcus

A

a small groove

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35
Q

fissure

A

a large groove

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36
Q

a gyrus

A

the bulge between the sulci or fissures

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37
Q

the largest part of the cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex

38
Q

the cerebral cortex can be divided into:

A

divided based on phylogenetic origin ; 1) archicortex 2) paleocortex 3) mesocortex 4)neocortex

39
Q

archicortex

A

the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and the amygdala ; important for learning and memory

40
Q

paleocortex

A

olfactory cortex, pyriform lobe, and parts of the parahippocampal gyrus ; form limbic system

41
Q

mesocortex

A

parts of hippocampal gyrus , and the cingulate gyrus ; also limbic system structures

42
Q

neocortex

A

most phylogenetically recent area of the cortex; 80-90% of the cortex ; made of 4 lobes : frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal

43
Q

central sulcus

A

separates the frontal and parietal lobes (in humans)

44
Q

Sylvian or lateral fissure

A

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

45
Q

interhemispheric fissure

A

separates 2 hemispheres

46
Q

neurons of the neocortex are arranged into what organization pattern?

A

6 layer laminar organization with functional columns

47
Q

gray matter

A

gray appearance of the cerebral hemispheres ; comes from the neurons that give the cerebral cortex its grayish color

48
Q

beneath the cerebral cortex lies the ________

A

white matter ; myelinated axons give it its color

49
Q

axon

A

projection sent out by a neuron used to communicate with other neurons

50
Q

axon is covered in ______

A

a fatty substance known as myelin

51
Q

basal ganglia

A

participates in control of motor activity

52
Q

telencephalon subcortical nuclei that make up the basal ganglia

A

the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei

53
Q

lentiform nucleus

A

putamen and globus pallidus ; sends outputs via the lenticular fasciclulus

54
Q

striatum

A

the caudate and putamen ; produces stratal outputs

55
Q

inputs to the basal ganglia come via the __________

A

cerebral cortex; mainly sensory and motor areas

56
Q

outputs from the basal ganglia go out via the __________ to the _________

A

globus pallidus to the thalamus

57
Q

limbic system

A

functional grouping of a number of prosencephalic structures ; comprised of both telencephalic and diencephalic structures ; plays a role in emotional and memory

58
Q

telencephalic structures of the limbic system

A

cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus, the hippocampus, fornix, the amygdala, and olfactory bulb

59
Q

the amygdala

A

connected to the olfactory and limbic systems ; plays a role in emotional behaviors ; lies in the temporal lobe

60
Q

the hippocampus

A

plays integral part in attention, learning, and memory; in the temporal lobe , resembles a seahorse

61
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

part of the limbic system , part of the reward system

62
Q

the diencephalic structures of the limbic system

A

the mammillary bodies, the hypothalamus, and the anterior nucleus of the thalamus

63
Q

thalamus

A

diencephalic structure ; processes most info reaching cerebral cortex ; has a football shape

64
Q

hypothalamus

A

diencephalic structure ; regulates autonomic , endocrine, and visceral integration

65
Q

nuclei of the thalamus are broken into 2 categories:

A

1) relay nuclei and 2) diffuse projection nuclei

66
Q

relay nuclei of the thalamus

A

receive inputs of specific sensory modalities and projects to specific areas of sensory cortex ; ventral, medial geniculate , lateral , medial dorsal nucleus

67
Q

ventral posterior lateral nucleus

A

relay nuclei of the thalamus ; touch ; projects to primary somatic sensory in post central gyrus in the parietal lobe

68
Q

medial geniculate

A

relay nuclei of the thalamus; auditory inputs ; projects to auditory cortex in temporal lobe

69
Q

lateral geniculate

A

relay nuclei of the thalamus ; visual inputs; projects to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

70
Q

medial dorsal nucleus

A

relay nuclei of the thalamus ; olfactory inputs; projects to orbitofrontal cortex

71
Q

lateral posterior nucleus

A

relay nuclei of the thalamus ; touch ; projects to the posterior parietal lobe association area ; recognize shapes by touch

72
Q

pulvinar

A

relay nuclei of the thalamus ; visual ; from occipital cortex; projects to parietal and temporal lobes for identification of objects

73
Q

diffuse projection nuclei of the thalamus

A

anterior, midline, intralaminar, centromedian and reticular ; project to many cortical areas ; and contribute to the integration of motivational aspects of behavior

74
Q

the hypothalamus

A

made of a cluster of nuclei including the lateral hypothalamic, pre optic, supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, arcuate ; includes the puberal region and the mammillary bodies

75
Q

the ______ is the control center for essential visceral, endocrine, and metabolic activities

A

hypothalamus

76
Q

epithalamus

A

area above the thalamus; includes the pineal body, habenula , and stria medullar is

77
Q

mesenecphalon

A

the midbrain lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain

78
Q

the mesencephalon / midbrain is ______ than other parts of the brain

A

less differentiated

79
Q

on the roof of the midbrain is the _____

A

tectum

80
Q

two rounded elevations of the tectum of the midbrain

A

1) superior colliculus
2) inferior colliculus

81
Q

superior colliculus

A

part of the tectum in the midbrain ; important visual center ; inputs come from the retina/optic nerves; involved in location of visual stimuli, orienting responses

82
Q

inferior colliculus

A

important auditory center

83
Q

tegmentum in the midbrain

A

lies beneath the tectum and contains 5 structures: red nucleus, reticular formation, substantial nigra, ventral tegmental area, crus cerebra (cerebral peduncles)

84
Q

red nucleus

A

motor center

85
Q

reticular formation

A

important for consciousness

86
Q

substantia nigra

A

important for consciousness

87
Q

ventral tegmental area

A

dopaminergic nuclei in reward circuitry

88
Q

crus cerebri/ cerebral peduncles

A

fibers that travel from cortex to SC, pons, and reticula formation ; become the pyramidal tract in the medulla ; connects cerebellum to midbrain, pons, and medulla

89
Q

metencephalon

A

contains the pons, the cerebellum,

90
Q

cerebellum

A

modulates the rate, force, and range of muscular contractions for their smooth interplay in movement and posture

91
Q

pons

A

serves as a relay for the telencephalic structures and the cerebellum. the pose also contains noradrenergic locus coerulues and the serotonergic nucleus raphe and the reticular formation

92
Q

myelencephalon

A

becomes medulla oblongata, contains 5 of th e12 cranial nerve ; vital ; contributes to the regulation of breathing and HR, and also sensory and motor decussations

neuro lab (5 decks)

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