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neuro lab > week 2: vasculature, pituitary gland, external structures > Flashcards

week 2: vasculature, pituitary gland, external structures Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system receives blood supply directly form the heart via the right and left ______ _____

A

internal carotid

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2
Q

the NS receives blood directly from the heart, but also from the _____ _____

A

vertebral arteries

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3
Q

the right and left vertebral arteries join to form the _______

A

basilar artery (lies along the base of the pons)

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4
Q

the basilar and the circle of willis join to form the ______________

A

circle of willis

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5
Q

5 arteries that arise from the circle of willis

A

anterior cerebral , anterior communicating cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral, and posterior communicating cerebral arteries

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6
Q

the pituitary gland extends from the ventral surface of the _________

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

the pituitary gland extends from the hypothalamus via the ____________ or the __________

A

pituitary stalk or infundibulum

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8
Q

neurohypophysis

A

the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland ; of neuroectodermal origin

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9
Q

adenohypophysis

A

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland ; of ectodermal origin

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10
Q

what does the pituitary gland control?

A

the pituitary gland indirectly and directly controls the endocrine system by the hypothalamus

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11
Q

which lobe of the pituitary directly controls the endocrine system?

A

the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) ; achieves direct control by the secretion of hormones into the general circulation through the vasculature

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12
Q

magnocellular neurons

A

large neurons in the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus make arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin ; related to the posterior pituitary

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13
Q

which lobe of the pituitary indirectly controls the endocrine system?

A

the anterior lobe of the pituitary (adenohypophysis) ; achieved by the secretion of regulating hormones into the local portal plexus , which drains into the to blood vessels of the adenohypophysis

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14
Q

three vesicles formed as the neural tub develops

A

prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) , rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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15
Q

the prosencephalon divides into

A

telencephalon and the diencephalon

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16
Q

the rhomboencephalon divides into the

A

mesencephalon and the myelencephalon

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17
Q

the telencephalon becomes the

A

cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

within the cerebral hemispheres there are the (3 systems)

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

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19
Q

all of the structures of the ______ play a role in higher perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions

A

telencephalon

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20
Q

the diencephalon becomes the _____ and the _________

A

thalamus and the hypothalamus

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21
Q

thalamus

A

major relay station between telencephalon and the other brain regions

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22
Q

hypothalamus

A

coordinates the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems

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23
Q

which division of the embryonic CNS is the least developed?

A

the mesencephalon

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24
Q

the mesencephalon is important for what 3 functions ?

A

1) eye movement 2) essential relay in the auditory pathway and 3) motor control and skeletal muscles

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25
the mesencephalon becomes the _____ and the _______
pons and the cerebellum
26
the _____ contains a massive set of relay nuclei
pons
27
the pons does what?
contains relay nuclei that relay information from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum
28
the cerebellum is highly involved in _______ ______
motor control
29
the myelencephalon becomes the _________ _______
medulla oblongata
30
what is the medulla oblongata?
the rostral extension of the SC contains cranial nerve nuclei and the area of fiber crossing in the CNS
31
what structure eventually becomes the SC?
the long tubular component extending caudally from the vesicles
32
________ are the largest part of the brain in most mammals
cerebral hemispheres
33
bumps and grooves are called
gyri, sulci, and fissures
34
sulcus
a small groove
35
fissure
a large groove
36
a gyrus
the bulge between the sulci or fissures
37
the largest part of the cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex
38
the cerebral cortex can be divided into:
divided based on phylogenetic origin ; 1) archicortex 2) paleocortex 3) mesocortex 4)neocortex
39
archicortex
the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and the amygdala ; important for learning and memory
40
paleocortex
olfactory cortex, pyriform lobe, and parts of the parahippocampal gyrus ; form limbic system
41
mesocortex
parts of hippocampal gyrus , and the cingulate gyrus ; also limbic system structures
42
neocortex
most phylogenetically recent area of the cortex; 80-90% of the cortex ; made of 4 lobes : frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal
43
central sulcus
separates the frontal and parietal lobes (in humans)
44
Sylvian or lateral fissure
separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
45
interhemispheric fissure
separates 2 hemispheres
46
neurons of the neocortex are arranged into what organization pattern?
6 layer laminar organization with functional columns
47
gray matter
gray appearance of the cerebral hemispheres ; comes from the neurons that give the cerebral cortex its grayish color
48
beneath the cerebral cortex lies the ________
white matter ; myelinated axons give it its color
49
axon
projection sent out by a neuron used to communicate with other neurons
50
axon is covered in ______
a fatty substance known as myelin
51
basal ganglia
participates in control of motor activity
52
telencephalon subcortical nuclei that make up the basal ganglia
the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei
53
lentiform nucleus
putamen and globus pallidus ; sends outputs via the lenticular fasciclulus
54
striatum
the caudate and putamen ; produces stratal outputs
55
inputs to the basal ganglia come via the __________
cerebral cortex; mainly sensory and motor areas
56
outputs from the basal ganglia go out via the __________ to the _________
globus pallidus to the thalamus
57
limbic system
functional grouping of a number of prosencephalic structures ; comprised of both telencephalic and diencephalic structures ; plays a role in emotional and memory
58
telencephalic structures of the limbic system
cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus, the hippocampus, fornix, the amygdala, and olfactory bulb
59
the amygdala
connected to the olfactory and limbic systems ; plays a role in emotional behaviors ; lies in the temporal lobe
60
the hippocampus
plays integral part in attention, learning, and memory; in the temporal lobe , resembles a seahorse
61
nucleus accumbens
part of the limbic system , part of the reward system
62
the diencephalic structures of the limbic system
the mammillary bodies, the hypothalamus, and the anterior nucleus of the thalamus
63
thalamus
diencephalic structure ; processes most info reaching cerebral cortex ; has a football shape
64
hypothalamus
diencephalic structure ; regulates autonomic , endocrine, and visceral integration
65
nuclei of the thalamus are broken into 2 categories:
1) relay nuclei and 2) diffuse projection nuclei
66
relay nuclei of the thalamus
receive inputs of specific sensory modalities and projects to specific areas of sensory cortex ; ventral, medial geniculate , lateral , medial dorsal nucleus
67
ventral posterior lateral nucleus
relay nuclei of the thalamus ; touch ; projects to primary somatic sensory in post central gyrus in the parietal lobe
68
medial geniculate
relay nuclei of the thalamus; auditory inputs ; projects to auditory cortex in temporal lobe
69
lateral geniculate
relay nuclei of the thalamus ; visual inputs; projects to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
70
medial dorsal nucleus
relay nuclei of the thalamus ; olfactory inputs; projects to orbitofrontal cortex
71
lateral posterior nucleus
relay nuclei of the thalamus ; touch ; projects to the posterior parietal lobe association area ; recognize shapes by touch
72
pulvinar
relay nuclei of the thalamus ; visual ; from occipital cortex; projects to parietal and temporal lobes for identification of objects
73
diffuse projection nuclei of the thalamus
anterior, midline, intralaminar, centromedian and reticular ; project to many cortical areas ; and contribute to the integration of motivational aspects of behavior
74
the hypothalamus
made of a cluster of nuclei including the lateral hypothalamic, pre optic, supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, arcuate ; includes the puberal region and the mammillary bodies
75
the ______ is the control center for essential visceral, endocrine, and metabolic activities
hypothalamus
76
epithalamus
area above the thalamus; includes the pineal body, habenula , and stria medullar is
77
mesenecphalon
the midbrain lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain
78
the mesencephalon / midbrain is ______ than other parts of the brain
less differentiated
79
on the roof of the midbrain is the _____
tectum
80
two rounded elevations of the tectum of the midbrain
1) superior colliculus 2) inferior colliculus
81
superior colliculus
part of the tectum in the midbrain ; important visual center ; inputs come from the retina/optic nerves; involved in location of visual stimuli, orienting responses
82
inferior colliculus
important auditory center
83
tegmentum in the midbrain
lies beneath the tectum and contains 5 structures: red nucleus, reticular formation, substantial nigra, ventral tegmental area, crus cerebra (cerebral peduncles)
84
red nucleus
motor center
85
reticular formation
important for consciousness
86
substantia nigra
important for consciousness
87
ventral tegmental area
dopaminergic nuclei in reward circuitry
88
crus cerebri/ cerebral peduncles
fibers that travel from cortex to SC, pons, and reticula formation ; become the pyramidal tract in the medulla ; connects cerebellum to midbrain, pons, and medulla
89
metencephalon
contains the pons, the cerebellum,
90
cerebellum
modulates the rate, force, and range of muscular contractions for their smooth interplay in movement and posture
91
pons
serves as a relay for the telencephalic structures and the cerebellum. the pose also contains noradrenergic locus coerulues and the serotonergic nucleus raphe and the reticular formation
92
myelencephalon
becomes medulla oblongata, contains 5 of th e12 cranial nerve ; vital ; contributes to the regulation of breathing and HR, and also sensory and motor decussations

neuro lab (5 decks)

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