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Mental Health and Illness > Week 3 Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Week 3 Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the brain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres,
Cerebellum and
Brain stem

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2
Q

How many ventricles of the brain are there?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

A

D. 4

  • Filled with CSF
  • The paired C-shaped lateral ventricles
  • The third ventricle found in the diencephalon
  • The fourth ventricle found in the hindbrain, dorsal to the pons
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3
Q

This structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain and allows them to communicate:

A. Corpus Callosum
B. Longitudinal fissures
C. Cerebellum
D. Caudate Nucleus

A

A. Corpus Callosum

Corpus callosum consists of axons that interconnect the two hemispheres. The primary function of the corpus callosum is to integrate motor, sensory, and cognitive performances between the cerebral cortex on one side of the brain to the same region on the other side

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4
Q

Describe the hemispheres of the brain.

A
  • form superior part of the brain
  • make up 83% of its mass
  • contain ridges (gyri) and shallow grooves (sulci)
  • contain deep grooves called fissures
  • are separated by the longitudinal fissure
  • each hempisphere acts contralaterally
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5
Q

What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?

A

Conscious Sensation
Initiation of Movement
Touch, Sound, Vision
Language

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6
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion.

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7
Q

What are the purpose of the Amygdala and the Hipocampus?

A

The amygdala is the emotion centre of the brain, while the hippocampus plays an essential role in the formation of new memories about past experiences.

  • emotions
  • learning
  • memory
  • basic drives
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8
Q

What percentage of Gray Matter accounts for the brains mass?

A. 20%
B. 30%
C. 40%
D. 50%

A

C. 40%

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9
Q

How many lobes of the brain are there?

A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8

A

B. 4

Frontal Lobe - Thinking, planning, problem-solving
Parietal Lobe - Perception, Making sense of the world
Occipital Lobe - Vision
Temporal Lobe - Memory, language, understanding

As well as

Motor Cortex - Movement
Sensory Cortex - Sensations

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10
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A. Processing of sensory input
B. Memory Formation
C. Complex Movement
D. Thinking and Planning

A

A. Perception

  • Essential in integration and processing of sensory input
    • visual, tactile, auditory
  • sensory experiences transition to thought
  • spatial awareness and self-awareness
  • filters out extraneous information
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11
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A. Perception, Making sense of the world
B. Movement
C. Thinking, problem-solving
D. Memory, Understanding Language

A

D. Memory, Understanding Language

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12
Q

Which is not a ‘Motor Area’ of the Cerebral Cortex?

A. Primary (somatic) motor cortex
B. Premotor Cortex
C. Broca's Area
D. Prefrontal Cortex
E. Frontal Eye Field
A

D. Prefrontal Cortex

The prefrontal cortex is the association cortex of the Frontal Lobe. It is one of the last brain structures to develop in the course of evolution

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13
Q

Which of the following is one of the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?

A. Prefrontal Cortex
B. Premotor Cortex
C. Olfactory, Gustatory and Vestibular Cortices
D. Broca’s Area

A

C. Olfactory, Gustatory and Vestibular Cortices

The other sensory areas include

  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • somatosensory association cortex
  • visual and auditory areas
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14
Q

What are the assoication areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • prefrontal cortex
  • language areas
  • general (common) interpretation area
  • visceral association area
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15
Q

What is Lateralization?

A. Designates the hemisphere responsible for language
B. Is the structure that connects the two hemispheres
C. Each hemisphere has abilities not shared by the other
D. Control of visual, spacial skills

A

C. Each hemisphere has abilities not shared by the other

The lateralisation of brain function is the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be specialised to one side of the brain or the other. The medial longitudinal fissure separates the human brain into two distinct cerebral hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum.

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16
Q

What is Cerebral Dominance?

A. Designates the hemisphere responsible for language and math
B. Is the structure that connects the two hemispheres
C. Each hemisphere has abilities not shared by the other
D. Designates the side of the brain to have control over speech and handedness

A

D. Designates the side of the brain to have control over speech and handedness

Or

the normal tendency for one side of the brain to control particular functions, such as handedness and speech.

17
Q

What does the left hemisphere usually control?

A. Maths and logic
B. Emotions
C. Artistic Skill
D. Visual-Spatial Skills

A

A. Maths and logic

The right hemisphere controls the remaining
Emotions
Artistic Skill
Visual-Spatial Skills

18
Q

What is cerebral white matter? And what is it responsible for?

A
  • consists of deep myelinated fibres and their tracts

- it is responsible for communication between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS center, and areas of the cerebrum

19
Q

What is the role of the Diencephalon (interbrain) and what is it made up of?

A

The diencephalon relays sensory information between brain regions and controls many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
20
Q

What is the key function regarding Thalamic Function?

A. Relaying Messages
B. Interpreting Sensations
C. Regulating HR. BP. HR
D. Fear Response

A

A. Relaying Messages

All inputs ascending to the Cerebral Cortex pass through the Thalamus

Relays info from sensory and motor afferents

It also plays a role in Mediation

  • Sensation
  • Motor Activities
  • Cortical arousal, Sleep
  • Learning and Memory
21
Q

What does the Hypothalamus regulate?

A. Afferent message to the cortex
B. Spacing and self-awareness
C. Language and Speech
D. BP, HR, RR

A

D. BP, HR, RR

The Hypothalamus controls hormones from the pituitary glands. Therefore it controls the autonomic system, temperature regulation and water/food consumption

  • BP
  • rate and force of the heartbeat
  • digestive tract motility
  • RR and depth of breathing
  • many other visceral activities
  • perception of pleasure, fear and rage
  • maintains normal body temperature
  • regulates feelings of hunger and satiety
  • regulates sleep and sleep cycle
22
Q

What is the Hypothalamic - Pituitary - Adrenal Axis important for?

A. Stress Response to Threats
B. In sexual reproduction
C. Enhancing concentration during daily tasks
D. All the above

A

A. Stress Response to Threats

Hypothalamus important for the neurobiology of fear/anxiety response/depression

HPA Axis

The Hypothalamus releases CRH to the anterior pituitary. Anterior pituitary releases ACTH to the Adrenal cortex. Adrenal cortex release cortisol.

23
Q

List the order of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis (HPA)..

A

Hypothalamus -> CRH -> Anterior pituitary.
Anterior pituitary -> ACTH -> Adrenal cortex.
Adrenal cortex -> cortisol.

24
Q

What hormones is the posterior pituitary gland responsible for secreting?

A

ADH - kidney tubules

Oxytocin - uterus smooth muscle and mammary glands

25
Q

What hormones is the anterior pituitary gland responsible for secreting?

A 
TSH - thyroid
GH - bones, tissue
ACTH - adrenal cortex
LH - Luteinizing Hormone
FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
MSH - Pigmentation
PRL - mammary glands
26
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the Medulla Oblongata?

A. Olfactory, II and Oculomotor
B. Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal
C. IX, Vagus, XI
D. X, XI, XII

A

D. X, XI, XII

X - Vagus Nerve
X| - Accessory Nerve
XII - Hypoglossal Nerve

27
Q

What centres is the medulla responsible for controlling?

A

Themedullaoblongata, also known as themedulla, directly controls certain ANS responses, such as heart rate, breathing, blood vessel dilation, digestion, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting. Itisa portion of the brainstem, located just below the pons and just above the spinal cord

28
Q

What additional conrols does the Medulla Oblongata have?

A 
vomiting
hiccups
swallowing
coughing
sneezing
29
Q

What is the Cerebellum responsible for controlling?

A. Information Processing
B. Suppression of Impulses
C. Auditory Processing
D. Skeletal Muscle Coordination

A

D. Skeletal muscle coordination

  • maintenance of equilibrium
  • cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously
  • Proprioceptors and visual signals ‘inform’ the cerebellum of the bodys condition.
30
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

Thebrain stemcontrols the flow of messages between thebrainand the rest of the body, and it also controls basic bodyfunctionssuch as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and whether one is awake or sleepy.

The brain stemconsists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

31
Q

What are the two systems of the Brain?

A
  • The Limbic System:
    The structures and interacting areas of the limbic system are involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory
  • Reticular formation
    The reticular formation has projections to the thalamus and cerebral cortex that allow it to exert some control over which sensory signals reach the cerebrum and come to our conscious attention. It plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep.
32
Q

Which is not apart of the limbic system?

A. The Amygdala,
B. Hippocampus, 
C. Thalamus, 
D. Corpus Callosum
E. Cingulate Gyrus
A

D. Corpus Callosum - Is the structure that connects the two hemispheres.

6 parts of the limbic system:
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Basal Ganglia
Cingulate Gyrus
33
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

The limbic system is a complex set of interconnected brain areas that integrate information about sensory stimuli, memories, and cognitive plans to produce emotional learning and emotional experience

34
Q

List some limbic system disorders

A
  • depression
  • anxiety disorders
  • OCD
  • panic disorder
  • psychoses: schizophrenic, dementia
  • addiction / substance abuse
35
Q

What is reticular formation?

A
  • consists of more than 100 small neural networks, with varied functions
  • Reticular Activating System (RAS):
    • sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
    • involved in sleep and wakefulness
  • Motor function:
    • helps control course motor movements
    • autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions, e.g vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers.
36
Q

A patient has a stroke in her occipital lobe. What may she experience

A. Vision Loss
B. Loss in Hearing
C. Balance Difficulties
D. None of the above

A

A. Vision Loss

37
Q

This lobe of the brain control touch, pain, temperature sensations:

A. Temporal Lobe
B. Occipital Lobe
C. Frontal Lobe
D. Parietal Lobe

A

D. Parietal Lobe

38
Q

This area of the brain is responsible for inhibitions and impulse control:

A. Frontal
B. Temporal
C. Parietal
D. Occipital

A

A. Frontal

39
Q

This lobe of the brain controls hearing, speaking coherently and comprehension:

A. Temporal
B. Frontal
C. Occipital
D. Parietal

A

A. Temporal

Mental Health and Illness (11 decks)

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