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Mental Health and Illness > Week 2 Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Week 2 Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Where are neurotransmitters Synthesized?

A. Soma
B. Nucleus
C. Axon
D. Dendrites

A

A. Soma

Made in the Soma (cell body) and transported down the axon where they are stored in vesicles

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2
Q

Which is not one of the FOUR chemical transmission criteria for establishing a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

A. Synthesis
B. Localisation
C. Release
D. Inactivation 
E. Reuptake
A

E. Reuptake

  • Synthesis
  • Localisation
  • Release
  • Inactivation
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3
Q

What are the two types of synaptic transmission?

A

Electrical

  • Gap Junctions between pre and postynaptic neurons
  • Current passes between cells -> fast

Chemical

  • Involves neurotransmitters
  • Has an effect on ion gates channels
  • Specific receptors respond to specific neurotransmitters
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4
Q

Which is correct about the role Acetylcholine?

A. Causes skeletal muscle contractions
B. Inhibits cholinergic system in the CNS
C. Involved in the regulation of the endocrine system
D. Involved in memory and learning formation
E. All the above

A

E. All the above

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5
Q

Where are the two major sources of Dopamine in the brain?

A. Substantia Nigra
B. Posterior Hypothalamus
C. Ventral Tegmental Area
D. A and C

A

D. A and C

Substantia Nigra
Ventral Tegmental Area

DA is associated w/

  • Voluntary Movement
  • Movement
  • Attention
  • Behavioural Control
  • Reward
  • Pleasure
  • Learning
  • Memory
  • Hormonal Responses
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6
Q

What is the main role of the Noradrenaline (NA) Neurotransmitter and what is the brain’s primary source of NA?

A. Excitation: Locus Coruleus
B. Inhibition: Pons
C. Excitation and Inhibition: Pons
D. Excitation: Substantia Nigra

A

A. Excitation: Locus Coruleus

NA plays a role in:

  • Attention
  • Arousal
  • Mood
  • Wakefulness

(Drug-induced suppression of the LC has a powerful sedating effect)

The LC is a nucleus in the Pons of the Brainstem

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7
Q

Which part of the brain is the main source of Serotonin (5HT)?

A. Dorsal Raphe
B. Substantia Nigra
C. Caudal Ventrolateral Nucleus
D. Periacqueductal Gray

A

A. Dorsal Raphe is the main source of Serotonin (5HT)

Serotonin (5HT) has roles in Mood, Aggression, Wakefulness, Feeding, Sexual Drive, Attention, Body Temp and BP

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8
Q

Which is NOT true regarding Glutamate?

A. Excitatory Neurotransmitter
B. It is an amino acid
C. Strengthens/Weakens signalling between neurons to shape learning and memory
D. Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A

D. Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

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9
Q

Which is not true regarding the neurotransmitter GABA?

A. It is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter
B. Is an amino acid neurotransmitter
C. Low levels of GABA are linked to Epilepsy
D. Too high levels of GABA leads to insomnia

A

D. Too high levels of GABA leads to insomnia

GABA is used to counteract Glutamate, which can lead to restlessness and insomnia.

GABA

  • -Helps to regulate learning
  • -memory
  • -fear
  • -anxiety
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10
Q

Schizophrenia associated with overactivity of which neurotransmitter?

A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Noradrenaline
D. GABA

A

A. Dopamine

Brain damage and Dopamine overactivity.

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11
Q

Which neurotransmitters is depression associated with?

A

Low levels of metabolites and monoamines. in the cerebrospinal fluid

  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Noradrenaline (NOR A)
  • Serotonin (5HT)
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12
Q

What neurotransmitters is anxiety associated with?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid that researchers believe acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It is thought to help quell anxiety

Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Serotonin - Too much can make people feel anxious =

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13
Q

Which is not an excitatory Neurotransmitter?

A. Acetylcholine
B. Catecholamines (Adrenaline, NA, DA)
C. 5HT
D. Histamines

A

Serotonin

Serotonin plays an important role in regulating and modulating mood, sleep, anxiety, sexuality, and appetite.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors usually referred to as SSRIs, are a type of antidepressant medication commonly prescribed to treat depression, anxiety, panic disorder, and panic attacks.

SSRIs work to balance serotonin levels by blocking the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, which can help improve mood and reduce feelings of anxiety.

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14
Q

Which of these neurotransmitters that have inhibitory postsynaptic effects.

A. GABA
B. Glycine
C. Catecholamines
D. A and B

A

D. A and B

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15
Q

What triggers neurotransmitters to be released?

A

Calcium enters the axon terminal during an action potential, causing the release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. After its release, the transmitter binds to and activates a receptor in the postsynaptic membrane

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16
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?

A. GABA
B. Acetylcholine (ACh)
C. Glutamate
D. Noradrenaline (NA)

A

A. GABA

Gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, is a neurotransmitter that sends chemical messages through the brain and the nervous system and is involved in regulating communication between brain cells.

The role of GABA is to inhibit or reduce the activity of the neurons or nerve cells.

17
Q

What are the 3 types of Amino acid Neurotransmitters?

Hint: They all start with G

A

Glutamate (Depolarisation - Excitatory)

GABA (Hyperpolersation - Inhibitory)

Glycine (Hyperpolarisation - Inhibitory)

18
Q

What of the following neurotransmitters belongs to Monoamine category exclusively?

A. 5HT, Histamine, Dopamine, Adrenaline, NA
B. Oxytocin, Endorphins, Dopamine, Adenosine, Nitric Oxide
C. Nitric Oxide, Histamine ACh, NA, 5HT
D. 5HT, ACh, Nitric Oxide,

A

A.

  • Serotonin (5HT)
  • Histamine
  • Dopamine
  • Adrenaline
  • NA
19
Q

Out of the 5 monoamine neurotransmitters, which 3 are also called Catecholamines?

A. 5HT, Histamine, Dopamine
B. Adrenaline, NA, Dopamine
C. ACh, Nitric Oxide, Histamine
D. 5HT, Peptides, Ach

A

B. Adrenaline, NA, Dopamine

20
Q

Opioids belong to which category of Neurotransmitters?

a. AminoAcids
b. Monoamines
c. Peptides
d. Acetycholines

A

C. Peptides

21
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the NMDA receptor?

A. A Glutamate subtype receptor
B. Ion Gated Chanel
C. Ketamine is an NMDA antagonist
D. All the above

A

D. All the above

The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function

22
Q

The human nervous system is capable of a wide range of functions. What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

A. Glial cell
B. Meninges
C. Neuron
D. Cerebrospinal fluid

A

C. Neuron.

Neurons are organized into circuits, also called neural pathways. These pathways are combined into structures that make up the nervous system. All the sensations, movements, thoughts, memories, and feelings come from signals passed along neural pathways.

Glial cells surround the neurons and provide nutrients and structural support for them. The meninges are membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. The cerebral spinal fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

23
Q

What is a common neurotransmitter?

A. Acetylcholine
B. GABA
C. Serotonin
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above.

Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter, found in the PNS it stimulates muscles and glands. It is also found in the brain, where it helps regulate Dopamine. Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a shortage of Acetylcholine.

GABA is an inhibitory transmitter and helps the brain maintain muscle control.

Serotonin is an inhibitory transmitter that helps the brain regulate Acetylcholine.

24
Q

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that provides for communication between muscles and nerves. When there is a problem with the interaction between acetylcholine and the acetylcholine receptor sites on the muscles, which condition(s) can occur?

A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Botulism
C. Multiple sclerosis
D. A and B

A

A. Myasthenia gravis.

In myasthenia gravis, the immune system creates an antibody that attacks acetylcholine receptors of the muscle cells. When acetylcholine binds to the acetylcholine receptors of the muscle cells, it causes them to contract. When an antibody blocks this binding, the cell fails to contract or contracts only weakly. This can cause drooping eyelids, weak eye muscles, and fatigue of affected muscles after exercise.

25
Q

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter. Which disease or disorder results when the neurons in the brain that produce dopamine die?

A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
C. Parkinson’s disease
D. Seizure disorder

A

C. Parkinson’s disease.

Parkinson’s is the result of the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. Parkinson’s disease occurs when certain nerve cells, or neurons, die or become impaired in the Substantia Nigra or Basal Ganglia. Loss of dopamine causes the nerve cells to fire out of control, leaving patients unable to direct or control their movement in a normal manner.

26
Q

Certain metabolic diseases can affect the nervous system. For example, people with diabetes can develop a nervous system problem called diabetic neuropathy. What are the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy?

A. Constipation or diarrhea
B. Rapid heartbeat
C. Pain in feet
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above.

Symptoms may involve the sensory or motor nervous system, as well as the involuntary (autonomic) nervous system. Peripheral neuropathy causes either pain or loss of feeling in the toes, feet, legs, hands, or arms. Autonomic neuropathy causes changes in digestion, bowel and bladder function, sexual response, and perspiration. It can also affect the nerves that serve the heart and control blood pressure. Autonomic neuropathy can also cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) unawareness, a condition in which people no longer experience the warning signs of hypoglycemia.

27
Q

Which of the following is a genetic disease that causes neurons in the brain to waste away and die?

A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Polio
C. Encephalitis
D. Huntington’s disease

A

D. Huntington’s disease.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a genetically programmed degeneration of brain neurons in Basal Ganglia. This degeneration causes uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual abilities and emotional disturbances. HD is passed from parent to child through a mutation in the normal gene. Each child of an HD parent has a 50-50 chance of inheriting the HD gene.

28
Q

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate:

A. Muscle Movements
B. Learning and Memory
C. Mood, Sleep, Emotions
D. Pain and Pleasure

A

C. Mood, Sleep, Emotions

Hence why drugs like Prozac are used to treat depression by keeping serotonin in the synaptic cleft longer

29
Q

The depletion of Acetylcholine is associated with the following?

A. Huntington’s Disease
B. Parkinson’s Disease
C. Alzheimers Disease
D. ALS

A

C. Alzheimers Disease

30
Q

Which condition/s can be associated with dysregulation of Dopamine?

A. Parkinson’s Disease
B. Schizophrenia
C. Multiple Sclerosis
D. A and B

A

D. A and B

Parkinson’s Disease is not enough Dopamine, which allows ACh to be unabated.

Schizophrenia is too much Dopamine

Mental Health and Illness (11 decks)

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