Week 2 Neurotransmitters Flashcards
Where are neurotransmitters Synthesized?
A. Soma
B. Nucleus
C. Axon
D. Dendrites
A. Soma
Made in the Soma (cell body) and transported down the axon where they are stored in vesicles
Which is not one of the FOUR chemical transmission criteria for establishing a molecule as a neurotransmitter?
A. Synthesis B. Localisation C. Release D. Inactivation E. Reuptake
E. Reuptake
- Synthesis
- Localisation
- Release
- Inactivation
What are the two types of synaptic transmission?
Electrical
- Gap Junctions between pre and postynaptic neurons
- Current passes between cells -> fast
Chemical
- Involves neurotransmitters
- Has an effect on ion gates channels
- Specific receptors respond to specific neurotransmitters
Which is correct about the role Acetylcholine?
A. Causes skeletal muscle contractions
B. Inhibits cholinergic system in the CNS
C. Involved in the regulation of the endocrine system
D. Involved in memory and learning formation
E. All the above
E. All the above
Where are the two major sources of Dopamine in the brain?
A. Substantia Nigra
B. Posterior Hypothalamus
C. Ventral Tegmental Area
D. A and C
D. A and C
Substantia Nigra
Ventral Tegmental Area
DA is associated w/
- Voluntary Movement
- Movement
- Attention
- Behavioural Control
- Reward
- Pleasure
- Learning
- Memory
- Hormonal Responses
What is the main role of the Noradrenaline (NA) Neurotransmitter and what is the brain’s primary source of NA?
A. Excitation: Locus Coruleus
B. Inhibition: Pons
C. Excitation and Inhibition: Pons
D. Excitation: Substantia Nigra
A. Excitation: Locus Coruleus
NA plays a role in:
- Attention
- Arousal
- Mood
- Wakefulness
(Drug-induced suppression of the LC has a powerful sedating effect)
The LC is a nucleus in the Pons of the Brainstem
Which part of the brain is the main source of Serotonin (5HT)?
A. Dorsal Raphe
B. Substantia Nigra
C. Caudal Ventrolateral Nucleus
D. Periacqueductal Gray
A. Dorsal Raphe is the main source of Serotonin (5HT)
Serotonin (5HT) has roles in Mood, Aggression, Wakefulness, Feeding, Sexual Drive, Attention, Body Temp and BP
Which is NOT true regarding Glutamate?
A. Excitatory Neurotransmitter
B. It is an amino acid
C. Strengthens/Weakens signalling between neurons to shape learning and memory
D. Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
D. Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Which is not true regarding the neurotransmitter GABA?
A. It is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter
B. Is an amino acid neurotransmitter
C. Low levels of GABA are linked to Epilepsy
D. Too high levels of GABA leads to insomnia
D. Too high levels of GABA leads to insomnia
GABA is used to counteract Glutamate, which can lead to restlessness and insomnia.
GABA
- -Helps to regulate learning
- -memory
- -fear
- -anxiety
Schizophrenia associated with overactivity of which neurotransmitter?
A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Noradrenaline
D. GABA
A. Dopamine
Brain damage and Dopamine overactivity.
Which neurotransmitters is depression associated with?
Low levels of metabolites and monoamines. in the cerebrospinal fluid
- Dopamine (DA)
- Noradrenaline (NOR A)
- Serotonin (5HT)
What neurotransmitters is anxiety associated with?
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid that researchers believe acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It is thought to help quell anxiety
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Serotonin - Too much can make people feel anxious =
Which is not an excitatory Neurotransmitter?
A. Acetylcholine
B. Catecholamines (Adrenaline, NA, DA)
C. 5HT
D. Histamines
Serotonin
Serotonin plays an important role in regulating and modulating mood, sleep, anxiety, sexuality, and appetite.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors usually referred to as SSRIs, are a type of antidepressant medication commonly prescribed to treat depression, anxiety, panic disorder, and panic attacks.
SSRIs work to balance serotonin levels by blocking the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, which can help improve mood and reduce feelings of anxiety.
Which of these neurotransmitters that have inhibitory postsynaptic effects.
A. GABA
B. Glycine
C. Catecholamines
D. A and B
D. A and B
What triggers neurotransmitters to be released?
Calcium enters the axon terminal during an action potential, causing the release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. After its release, the transmitter binds to and activates a receptor in the postsynaptic membrane
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?
A. GABA
B. Acetylcholine (ACh)
C. Glutamate
D. Noradrenaline (NA)
A. GABA
Gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, is a neurotransmitter that sends chemical messages through the brain and the nervous system and is involved in regulating communication between brain cells.
The role of GABA is to inhibit or reduce the activity of the neurons or nerve cells.
What are the 3 types of Amino acid Neurotransmitters?
Hint: They all start with G
Glutamate (Depolarisation - Excitatory)
GABA (Hyperpolersation - Inhibitory)
Glycine (Hyperpolarisation - Inhibitory)
What of the following neurotransmitters belongs to Monoamine category exclusively?
A. 5HT, Histamine, Dopamine, Adrenaline, NA
B. Oxytocin, Endorphins, Dopamine, Adenosine, Nitric Oxide
C. Nitric Oxide, Histamine ACh, NA, 5HT
D. 5HT, ACh, Nitric Oxide,
A.
- Serotonin (5HT)
- Histamine
- Dopamine
- Adrenaline
- NA
Out of the 5 monoamine neurotransmitters, which 3 are also called Catecholamines?
A. 5HT, Histamine, Dopamine
B. Adrenaline, NA, Dopamine
C. ACh, Nitric Oxide, Histamine
D. 5HT, Peptides, Ach
B. Adrenaline, NA, Dopamine
Opioids belong to which category of Neurotransmitters?
a. AminoAcids
b. Monoamines
c. Peptides
d. Acetycholines
C. Peptides
Which of the following is true regarding the NMDA receptor?
A. A Glutamate subtype receptor
B. Ion Gated Chanel
C. Ketamine is an NMDA antagonist
D. All the above
D. All the above
The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function
The human nervous system is capable of a wide range of functions. What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
A. Glial cell
B. Meninges
C. Neuron
D. Cerebrospinal fluid
C. Neuron.
Neurons are organized into circuits, also called neural pathways. These pathways are combined into structures that make up the nervous system. All the sensations, movements, thoughts, memories, and feelings come from signals passed along neural pathways.
Glial cells surround the neurons and provide nutrients and structural support for them. The meninges are membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. The cerebral spinal fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
What is a common neurotransmitter?
A. Acetylcholine
B. GABA
C. Serotonin
D. All of the above
D. All of the above.
Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter, found in the PNS it stimulates muscles and glands. It is also found in the brain, where it helps regulate Dopamine. Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a shortage of Acetylcholine.
GABA is an inhibitory transmitter and helps the brain maintain muscle control.
Serotonin is an inhibitory transmitter that helps the brain regulate Acetylcholine.
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that provides for communication between muscles and nerves. When there is a problem with the interaction between acetylcholine and the acetylcholine receptor sites on the muscles, which condition(s) can occur?
A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Botulism
C. Multiple sclerosis
D. A and B
A. Myasthenia gravis.
In myasthenia gravis, the immune system creates an antibody that attacks acetylcholine receptors of the muscle cells. When acetylcholine binds to the acetylcholine receptors of the muscle cells, it causes them to contract. When an antibody blocks this binding, the cell fails to contract or contracts only weakly. This can cause drooping eyelids, weak eye muscles, and fatigue of affected muscles after exercise.
