Week 1 Implicit Bias and Hx of Mental Health

Question 1

What is not a form of Bias?

A. Negative comparison of one group and members of said group to another
B. Direct/Explicit
C. Indirect/Implicit
D. Hiring people according to their attributes of skill and not their race or gender

Answer 1

D. Hiring people according to their attributes of skill and not their race or gender

Bias Examples
Direct – I like white people more than black
Indirect - Sitting further away from a black on a bus than a white person without consciously recognising you have done so

Question 2

How are Explicit and Implicit bias different?

Answer 2

Explicit is a cognitive understanding of why you are biased to a group.

Implicit is a subconscious decision made from attitudes or stereotypes we cannot identify

Question 3

What type of bias results from subtle cognitive processes?

A. Implicit
B. Explicit
C. Design
D. Inclusive

Answer 3

A. Implicit bias

Implicit is a subconscious decision made from attitudes or stereotypes we cannot identify

Question 4

What are some potential ways implicit bias can be activated?

Answer 4

Through subtle cues, such as skin colour, accent or body size.

Question 5

What subconscious affects may implicit bias have on a patient?

Answer 5

How long they wait for treatment
Tone of voice used when speaking to a patient
How well a patient is listened too
Physical stance or body language used when approaching a pt.

Question 6

Define a stigma

Answer 6

Sign of disgrace or discredit, which sets a person apparat from others.

A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.
“the stigma of having gone to prison will always be with me”

Mental Health is seen as a stigma and considered a sign of weakness by many

Question 7

Is the stigma of mental health related to a person’s appearance or their context?

Answer 7

Context

Question 8

Why has stigma become a marker for and what is usually the first feeling reported?

Answer 8

Stigma has become a marker for adverse experiences and is generally a negative experience

The individual usually feels the emotion shame first

Question 9

What experiences and emotions are associated with stigma?

Answer 9

Shame
Blame
Secret
The black sheep of the family
Isolation
Social exclusion 
Stereotypes
Discrimination

Question 10

Is there a direct link to stigma and implicit bias?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

What is the first step in mental health and illness training competency?

Answer 11

Awareness
Being aware and knowledgeable about ones thoughts, feelings and sensations, as well as being able to reflect on how these can affect interactions with others.

Question 12

What is project implicit

Answer 12

Team that research and produce new ways of understanding attitudes, stereotypes, stigma and other hidden bias.

Question 13

Can implicit bias be measured with standard survey questions?

Answer 13

No, require developed instruments, Implicit Association Test (IAT), implicit association test

IAT examines automatic associations in memory that are evoked by rapid reactions.

Question 14

Trepanation was the first form of Mental Health Treatment. What is Trepanation?

Answer 14

Drilling holes in the skull - it was thought to have released evil spirits (that were causing insanity)

The modern equivalent is known as a craniotomy.

Crainiotomy is used to treat epidural and subdural haematomas.

Question 15

Who offered mental health treatment in the middle ages?

Answer 15

Monasteries offered medical treatment and preserved the view that madness was an illness

Question 16

In the 1600s, mental who were mentally ill were persecuted as ________. It was supported by the religious hierarchy at the time.

A. Lunacy
B, Witches
C. Hand of Ishtar
D. Insanus

Answer 16

B. Witches

Compared to Egypt in the Islamic era (640 – 1600 AD) Mental health patients were not mistreated because they were thought to be possessed by a good Muslim genie

Question 17

What is the most infamous asylum?

A. 1547 Saint Mary of Bethlehem
B. Port Phillip Gaol
C. 1848 Yarra Bend
D. Beechworth

Answer 17

A. Saint Mary of Bethlehem

The monastery-turned-asylum began admitting the mentally ill in 1547 after Henry VIII ceded Bethlem to the city of London.

Patients were put on display like a freak show or on the street to beg for money

Question 18

Which facility housed the origins of mental health care in Victoria?

A. Yara Bend
B. Beechworth
C. Kew
D. Port Phillip Gaol

Answer 18

D. Port Phillip Goal

The origins of mental health care in VIC date back to 1837 when people with a mental illness were incarcerated with the prisoners in Port Phillip Gaol.

During Victoria in the ‘early years’ Mental illness or ‘Lunacy’ was treated as a crime

A common view that people with mental illness were hopelessly incurable

Question 19

What was early common practice for Pt treatments in asylums?

A. Dousing Pt in hot or cold water
B. Blistering
C. Physical Restraints
D. All the Above

Answer 19

D.

Powerful drugs were administered, eg to a hysterical patient to exhaust them also.

Question 20

In the 1700s what did Dutch Dr Boerhave invent?

A. Electroshock Therapy
B. Sensory Deprivation
C. Arterial Bleeding
D. Gyrating Chair

Answer 20

D. Gyrating Chair

Became popular in Europe and the US. It was intended to shake up the blood and tissues of the body to restore equilibrium, but instead rendered the patient unconscious without recorded success.

Question 21

What treatments did patients receive whilst committed to the Yara-Bend Asylum in Victoria?

Answer 21

Shower baths, where inmates were locked in the bath fully clothed, then drenched in cold water and left to ‘cool off’ for hours.

Bleeding the temporal artery, skin blistering, purging and the administration of emetics and bitter tonics.

Question 22

What changes did Philippe Pinel in Paris introduce to Asylums?

A. Humourous Therapy
B. Blood Letting
C. Moral Therapy
D. Gyrating Chair

Answer 22

C. Moral Therapy

in 1972 Philippe hypothesised patients will improve if they are treated with kindness and consideration.

Worked on the intellect and emotions of patients so they could achieve self-restraint and mental harmony

Filth, noise and abuse were removed from practice, as well as restraints and the patients were given access ot sunlight

Question 23

What are somatic treatments of mental health?

Answer 23

Electroconvulsive therapy - 1938,
Psychosurgery and
Psychopharmacology

All based on the biological model that assumes mental illness is the result of a biochemical imbalance in the body and can be compared to physical illness.

Question 24

When were somatic treatments discovered?

Answer 24

1930s and onwards.

Question 25

What Mental Health therapy was discovered by Manfred Sakel?

A. Insulin Therapy
B. Gyrating Chair
C. Moral Therapy
D. None of the above

Answer 25

A. Insulin Therapy in 1933

Insulin was administered to the patient in high enough doses to induce a coma.

Was proven beneficial in early stages of Schizophrenia but unbeneficial in advance stages.

Question 26

What was Electroconvulsive Therpay used to treat in 1938?

A. Schizophrenia
B. Depression
C. Anxiety
D. All the above

Answer 26

C. Anxiety - Severe Depression

ECT become popular in USA and Europe

Question 27

Which medication is the ‘most significant development’ in the treatment of those with mental illness?

Hint: Associated with Rx of Schizophrenia

Answer 27

The discovery of the antipsychotic chlorpromazine in 1951 (Largactil)

Question 28

What drugs were introduced between 1950 and 1970?

A. Antidepressants
B. Sympathomimetics
C. Anticholinergic Esterase
D. Catecholamines

Answer 28

A. Antidepressants

• Mepbromate in 1955 (happy pills)
• Tricyclic antidepressants in the late 1950s
• The first benzodiazepines in 1960
• the first popular MAOI in 1961
• Diazepam (Valium) in 1963
• Haloperidol in 1967

Question 29

Which report lead to the closure of asylums?

Answer 29

The Richmond report in 1981 argued that people with mental illness should be deinstitutuionalized and had a right to live in the community.

Question 30

What are the two classifications of disease within mental illness?

Answer 30

1. International Classification of Diseases, version 11, IDC-11. Chapter 6 is where you find the classifications of mental illnesses.
2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version 5, (DSM5).

The ICD is the official system in Australia but most people also use the DSM.