Week 3 - Benefits & Risks of PA Flashcards

Question

Physical Activity and Cognition: Better Performance

Answer 1

Moderators = intensity, duration, time elapsed, fitness level Improvement on cognitive function was greater with intensity of exercise

Answer 2

1% = $2 Billion How much does it cost us to have people living with modifiable risk factors? - Tobacco smoking, excess weight, physical inactivity Results suggests that the annual economic burden of risk factors is 50 billion dollars **If a 1% relative annual reduction in EACH of the 3 risk factors each year, results in 8.5 billion annual reduction in 2031** - Means that 1% relative reduction in each of the 3 modifiable risk factors can have a substantial health AND economic impact at a population level

Answer 3

- improves immune markers in several chronic diseases, including cancer, HIV, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cognitive impairment, and obesity - improves immune responses to vaccination - lowers chronic low-grade inflammation and infection risk

Answer 4

the workplace offers shower/change room facilities

Answer 5

- While older and younger individuals work at the same MET level, the reflective exercise intensity will usually be different - Older individual will be working at a greater relative percentage of maximal oxygen consumption

Answer 6

The ACSM-AHA Primary Physical Activity Recommendations - Minimum of 30 min on 5 days/week moderate intensity aerobic or vigorous intensity aerobic activity for a minimum of 3 days/week - Can be accomplished by performing bouts each lasting 10 min or more - Increase muscular strength and endurance for a minimum of 2 days/week - May benefit from exceeding recommended amounts of PA Important health benefits can be obtained by performing a moderate amount of PA on most, if not all, days of the week - Additional health benefits result from greater amounts of PA -- Longer in duration, of greater intensity, or both are likely to derive greater than those who engage in lesser amounts - PA that is sufficient to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases and delaying mortality may be insufficient to prevent or reverse weight gain and/or obesity given the typical American lifestyle - Dose-response relationship between PA and CVD and premature mortality - Greater amounts of PA or increased CRF levels provide additional health benefits

Answer 7

- 150 min per week of moderate intensity aerobic activity, 75 min per week of vigorous intensity aerobic activity, or a combination - Additional health benefits are obtained with 300 min per week of moderate or 150 min per week of vigorous - Moderate or high intensity and involve all major muscle groups in 2 or more days per week

Answer 8

one of the four leading contributors to premature mortality - globally 31.1% of adults are physically inactive

Answer 9

- Associated with deleterious health consequences independent of PA levels - Independently associated with a greater risk for all-cause mortality, CVD incidence or mortality, cancer incidence or mortality and type 2 diabetes mellitus - 30% lower relative risk for all-cause mortality among those with high levels of PA - Adverse outcomes associated with sedentary time decrease in magnitude among persons who are more physically active

Answer 10

- Inverse relationship with negative outcomes - Strong evidence of dose-response relationship with PA - Aerobic capacity has an inverse relationship with risk of premature death from all causes and specifically from CVD

Answer 11

Higher levels of muscular strength are associated with a significantly better cardiometabolic risk factor profile, lower risk of all-cause mortality, fewer CVD events, lower risk of developing physical function limitations, and lower risk for nonfatal disease - Improvements in body composition, blood glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure in individuals with mild or moderate hypertension - Resistance training is as effective as aerobic training in the management and treatment of T2DM and improving the blood lipid profiles of overweight/obese - Positively affects walking distance and velocity in those with peripheral artery disease (PAD) - Resistance training may be effective for preventing and treating the dangerous constellation of conditions referred to as Metsyn - Also increases bone mass and bone strength of the specific bones stressed and may serve as a valuable measure to prevent, slow, or reverse the loss of bone mass in individuals with osteoporosis - Reduce pain and disability in individuals with osteoarthritis - Effective in treatment of chronic back pain - May prevent and improve depression and anxiety, increase vigor, and reduce fatigue

Answer 12

- Increased risk for musculoskeletal injury (MSI) and cardiovascular complications - MSI is the most common exercise-related complication - Sudden cardiac death (SCD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are usually associated with vigorous intensity exercise; much less common than MSI

Answer 13

- Walking and moderate intensity physical activities are associated with very low risk of MSI - Jogging, running, and competitive sports increased risk of injury - Risk higher in activities where there is direct contact with participants or with the ground - Highest risk found in children between the ages of 12-17 and children younger than 12 - Most common anatomical sites = lower extremities (higher in knees, then foot and ankle) - Meeting national guidelines of 150 or more min/week mod/vig = modest increase in PA-related MSI - Risk inversely related to physical fitness level - Methods to reduce MSi (ie. stretching, warm up, cool down, and gradual progression of exercise intensity and volume) may be helpful but lack of controlled studies confirming

Answer 14

- Most common causes are congenital and hereditary abnormalities including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery abnormalities, and aortic stenosis - Death rates higher in African American male athletes and basketball players - International Olympic Committee and AHA have endorsed practice of preparticipation cardiovascular screening

Answer 15

- Risk of SCD and AMI very low in apparently healthy individuals performing moderate intensity PA - Acute and transient increase in the risk of SCD and AMI in individuals performing vigorous intensity exercise, particularly sedentary men and women diagnosed or occult CVD - Risk decreases with increasing volumes of regular exercise - Transient risks substantially higher during acute vigorous physical exertion - Fivefold increase of SCD and 3.5-fold increased risk of AMI - Risk higher middle and older adults due to higher prevalence of CVD - Disproportionately higher in the most sedentary individuals - Absolute risk of these events if very low - Risk is extremely low, vigorous intensity exercise has a small but measurable acute risk of CVD complications - Increased frequency of cardiac contraction and excursion of the coronary arteries produces bending and flexing of arteries may be underlying issue -- May cause cracking of the atherosclerotic plaque with resulting platelet aggregation and possible acute thrombosis

Answer 16

In a mixed population, the risk of exercise testing is low with approximately 6/10,000 tests

Answer 17

- Highest risk of cardiovascular events occurs in those individuals with diagnosed CAD - Complication rates are low - Mortality rate appears to be 6X higher when patients exercised in facilities without the ability to successfully manage cardiac arrest

Answer 18

- Benefits of habitual physical activity substantially outweigh the risks - Professionals should know the pathological conditions associated with exercise-related events - Physically active individuals should know nature of cardiac prodromal symptoms and seek prompt medical care - Athletes should undergo preparticipation screening - Athletes with known condition or family history should be evaluated prior to competition - Facilities — staff trained in managing cardiac emergencies and have specific plan - Active individuals should modify exercise program in response to variations in exercise capacity - All sedentary individuals should participate in exercise preparticipation screening to determine the need for medical clearance - Exercise professionals should have training in basic and/or advanced cardiac life support and emergency procedures - Individuals should be educated on signs and symptoms