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Forensic Anatomy > Week 3- Ageing the human skeleton > Flashcards

Week 3- Ageing the human skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Estimation of age is based on:

A
  • growth and development
  • degeneration changes in adult skeletons
  • Only estimate age range not a specific age
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2
Q

What are factors in age changes?

A
  • environmental variables= diet, physical activity, trauma and disease
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3
Q

Several ageing methods

A
  1. Dental occlusal wear- Wearing down dental enamel, closely tied with diet (hard and abrasive diet wears faster)
  2. Pubic symphysis metamorphosis- changes on articular surface. Easy and straight forward. pubic bones tend to degrade in burial situations
  3. cranial suture closure
  4. auricular surface metamorphosis (ilium)- similar to pubic symphysis
  5. Rib eternal metamorphosis
  6. changes in trabecular bone density- humeral and femoral proximal ends
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4
Q

Dental occlusal wear cause

A

attrition from inner tooth contact
Abrasion from hard particulates (food that you are eating)
Cumulative
* we know how much time the teeth have been in occlusion and age progressive

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5
Q

When does M1 come into occlusion- start of permanent teeth eruption

A

6 years

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6
Q

M2 into occlusion

A

12 years

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7
Q

M3 into occlusion

A

18-20 years

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8
Q

The permanent teeth complete eruption

A

13 years

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9
Q

the exception of the 3rd molar ‘wisdom’ teeth, which usually erupt by the age of

A

21 years

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10
Q

Why might the wear be different and why was it different in the past?

A
  • if you lose a maxillary or mandibular molar than it wont have anything to wear against
  • past people used their teeth more usually affecting the anterior teeth
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11
Q

Age of individual years based on the condition of the M1

A
  • polished enamel= 6
  • dentine= 30
  • secondary dentine= 42
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12
Q

Functional age of M2- condition of tooth

A
  • polished enamel= 6
  • dentine= 26
  • secondary dentine= 45
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13
Q

Functional age of M3- condition of tooth

A
  • polished enamel= 7
  • dentine= 21-28
  • secondary dentine= 49
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14
Q

What is the highest category age you can research

A

When you are old, you probably have no dentine left, so you reach a category where you cannot estimate age (Over 65)

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15
Q

Age changes in the pubic symphysis

A
  • young adults= symphysial surface consists of horizontal grooves and ridges
  • increase age= grooves are infilled and the margins are thickened to develop a rim around the joint surface
  • old age= surface is pitted and porous with an irregular margin
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16
Q

There is a rippling effect over the surface

A

The rippling of the bones begins to wear away

  • body responds by laying down bone
  • late stages= small holes which can coalesce and become larger, edges build up to provide more support to articular surfaces
17
Q

Suchy and brooks 1990 method

A
  • 6 sequential stages of development from early to late
    -separate age standard for male and female due to differences in rate of metamorphosis
    early= good rippling, no edging
    late= pitting and wear down of rim
18
Q

Anterior surface of ilium

A
  • Stages catergorized by changes in transverse organization
  • becomes pitted and extra bone is laid on top of articular surface
  • successive non overlapping 5 or 10 year age intervals
19
Q

Cranial suture closure

A
  • recorded at defined locations on the superior and lateral anterior cranial vault
  • sutures present as you age
  • closure observed over a stretch of 1cm of suture and scored from 0 (open)to 3 (closed)= scores are summed and evaluated
  • most sutures fuse between 30-50
20
Q

Changes in sternal ribs 4 to 6

A
  • young adult= joint is smooth, straight walled and slightly indented
  • articular surface changes with age
  • increase age= increase in depth and width
21
Q

Changes in head of humerus and femur

A

Thinning and cavitation of the trabeculae
increased height of the apex of
thinning of cortex of the diaphysis

22
Q

Microscopic age estimation

A
  1. Root denting transparency- microscopic tubules in dentine are progressively infilled, starting at the root
  2. Cementum growth- accumulates in thin layers on the surface of the tooth roots.
  3. Osteon accumulation- bone areas in compact bones, long bones- continue to grow in adult life
23
Q

Layers of the tooth

A 
Enamel 
Dentine 
Secondary dentine 
cementum layers 
pulp cavity 
cement on tooth root
24
Q

Growth standards based on

A
  • increase with age in linear bone dimensions
  • appearance and fusion of centres of ossification
  • calcification, eruption and loss of deciduous teeth `
25
Q

How to recognise immature bones?

A
  • texture and density- Epiphyses are no fused on the shaft, smooth
  • size and proportions- using shafts of long bones
  • younger children are easier to age
26
Q

Age estimation based on epiphyseal fusion

A
  • fusion of growth centres and epiphyses occur at defined stage of growth
  • fusion takes during adolescence
  • end of long bone was initially separated from shaft-cartilage ossifies so they can fuse
27
Q

The timings of proximal and distal end of the long bone, and the clavicle and sacral bodies

A

clavicle- completed early adult life

long bones-fuse at different times, timing may vary and the order is consistent

28
Q

Foetal or young children indicators

A

vertebrae are as good as age indicators

- body and 2 neural arches

29
Q

The 2 neural arches

A
  1. first neural arches will fuse together and then the body

fuse at different rates

30
Q

Deciduous teeth- general characteristics

A
  • smaller size, prominent bulge to crown above the cervical margin
  • cemento-enamel junction is less sinuous
  • roots of anterior teeth narrow
  • roosts posterior teeth flared to accommodate premolar crowns
  • pulp chambers are large with thinner primary dentine
  • enamel wears quickly and prone to decay
  • roots reabsorbed prior to exfoliation of crowns
  • mandibular first molar does not look distinguishable, second more obvious
31
Q

How do you evaluate age based on dental development?

A

pictorial charts of dental developmet- not sufficiently accurate

  • can look at how much of the crown is formed and how much of the root is formed
  • permanent first molar at the stage of 5.1 years
  • canine crown estimated 4 years
32
Q

Which is more reliable- dental eruption or calcification?

A

Calcification is much more reliable

crowns and roots estimate age

33
Q

Growth standards are available for the following stages of dental development:

A
  • calcification and emerge of the deciduous teeth
  • root reabsorption and exfoliation of deciduous teeth
  • calcification and emerge of permanent teeth
34
Q

Pubic symphysis stages

A

1- billowing surface composed of ridges and furrows, well marked
2- retain some billowing, extremities show early stages of delamination with possible ossific nodules
3- smooth , retains some evidence of ridges, nodules, extremities show
4- fine grained, oval outline with distinctive rim, pubic tubercle not part of symphyseal surface. bony outgrowths may occur
5- depression of face of completed rim, outgrowths of ventral border
6- depression in rim erodes. Bony outgrowths. face pitted or porous

Forensic Anatomy (7 decks)

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