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Forensic Anatomy > WEEK 1- Skull and teeth > Flashcards

WEEK 1- Skull and teeth Flashcards

1
Q

Fontanelles

A

close after birth

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2
Q

Where are the 4 different fontanelles

A
  1. anterior- top front (9-18months)
  2. Posterior- back- fuses between 1-2 months
  3. Sphenoidal- side
  4. Mastoid- mastoid process at back- allow folding at birth canal
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3
Q

How can age be seen

A

By whether the fontanelles are closed- babies

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4
Q

What are formed when fontanelles close

A

Sutures

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5
Q

How many bones are there from newborns to adults?

A

28 bones vs 22 bones in an adult

8 cranial, 14 facial

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6
Q

How long do the bones remain separate?

A

12-18 months

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7
Q

What are the different types of sutures? and where are they?

A 
Metopic suture- top down face
coronal sutures- top of skull to each side 
squamosal suture- sides 
sagittal suture- down midline 
lambdoid suture- posterior
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8
Q

What is craniostenosis

A

problem with fusing of skull

1-2000 births

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of craniostenosis?

A
  1. sagittal cranostenosis
    - sagittal fused too early
    - bone cant carry on growing out width wards= long and narrow
  2. left coronal craniostenosis
    - unilateral fusion, difference in both sides of face
    - impacts on orbits (difference in eyes)
    - right side= no fusion= normal eye, left side= elevated eye= fuses too early
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10
Q

Remodelling the maxilla and mandible during maturity

A
  • most growing of skull takes place before birth= cranium growth
  • brain might grow up to a year
    neural connections happen by 1 year
    but length of mandible and maxilla increase after birth- elongate and move forward
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11
Q

How does the mouth change after birth?

A

Babies don’t have teeth
breathing different
mouth gets bigger

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12
Q

When does the skull stop growing?

A

CT scans of 100 men and women show bones in the human skull continue to grow as people age

  • forehead move forward
  • cheeks move back
  • secondary marker of ageing
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13
Q

What happens to the face as the bones move?

A

Overlying skin and muscle also move

subtly change shape of face

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14
Q

Osteometric points

A

Defined set of points on the skull used to aid osteology often key landmarks or sutures

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15
Q

osteometic points (16)

A
  1. Glabella
  2. Gnathion
  3. Gonion
  4. Labrelle inferious
  5. mentolabial sulcus
  6. menton
  7. mid- nasal
  8. mid-philtrum
  9. mid ramus
  10. naison
  11. pogonion
  12. prosthion
  13. rhinion
  14. subnasale
  15. vertex
  16. Zygion
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16
Q

Glabella

A

Small depression medial to supraorbital ridges and superior to nasal bones (middle above eyebrows)

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17
Q

Gnathion

A

The most anterior-inferior, mid-sagittal point on the border of the mandible ( bum Chin)

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18
Q

Gonion

A

the most inferior, posterior and lateral point of the angle of the mandible (jaw side)

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19
Q

Labrale inferiorus

A

the point where the superior vermillion border (coloured edge of the upper lip) meets the midsagittal (median) plane (middle of bottom lip)

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20
Q

Mentolabial sulcus

A

sulcus between the lower lip and chin (indent before chin)

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21
Q

menton

A

Most posterior inferior, mid sagittal border of the mandible (underneath chin jaw bone)

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22
Q

Mid nasal

A

mid point between superior and inferior border of the nasal bone in the mid sagittal (median) plane (bump in nose)

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23
Q

Mid- philtrum

A

mid point between 2 vertical grooves (philtrum) under nose (middle of bottom of nose and upper lip)

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24
Q

Mid ramus

A

mid point between condyle and angle of the mandible (jaw joint)

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25
Q

Nasion

A

intersection between frontonasal suture and mid sagittal (median plane) (between eyebrows)

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26
Q

Pogonion

A

The most projecting point in the mid-sagittal (median) plane of the chin. (point of chin)

27
Q

Prosthion

A

The most anterior point on the maxillary alveolar process in the midsagittal plane.(top of upper teeth)

28
Q

Rhinion

A

Free border of nasal bone and mid-sagittal plane.(tip of nose)

29
Q

Subnasale

A

Point where nasal septum and upper lip merge in the mid-sagittal plane. (Mid nostrils, septum)

30
Q

Vertex

A

Meeting point of 4 cranial bones (occipital, frontal and 2x parietal bones). (top of skull)

31
Q

Zygion

A

Most lateral point of the zygomatic arch. (cheek bone- lateral )

32
Q

Number of bones of the skull

A

8 neurocranium bones

14 bones of viscerocranium

33
Q

Bones of the neurocranium

A
  1. Frontal- forehead
  2. sphenoid- temples
  3. ethmoid- inside nose
  4. occipital -inside at back
    5/6. temporal x2- side of head
    7/8. parietal- x2- back of head k
34
Q

Bones of viscerocranium

A
  1. mandible- jaw
  2. vomer- septum
    3/4. nasal bones x2- sides of nose
    5/6. lacrimal bones x2- corner of eye
    7/8. inferior nasal conchae x2- nostrils
    9/10. palatine bones x2- mouth palate
    11/12- maxilla- above lip all around nose
    13/14- zygomatic x2- cheeks
35
Q

What is forensic odontology?

A

Branch of forensic medicine that deals with the proper examination, handling and presentation of dental evidence in a court of law

36
Q

What does forensic odontology include?

A

identification of human remains through dental records, age, estimation on the living and diseased.

  • Analysis of weapon marks and bite analysis
  • helps reconstruction of social environment
37
Q

2 main areas of the oral cavity

A
  1. Vestibule- space between teeth and inner mucosal lining of lips and checks
  2. oral cavity proper- within the 2 arcades- behind teeth
38
Q

What are the upper and lower arches called?

A

Maxilla and mandible

39
Q

How many teeth are there and what are they called?

A

An individual can have up to 32 teeth

incisors, canines, molars and premolars

40
Q

Why do we have different teeth? function of teeth?

A

different function of grinding and cutting

work together in act of mastication and speech

41
Q

One set of 8 teeth from medial to lateral

A
  1. Central incisor
  2. lateral incisor
  3. cuspid
  4. 1st bicuspid
  5. 2nd bicuspid
  6. 1st molar
  7. 2nd molar
  8. 3rd molar (wisdom tooth)
42
Q

What is part of the oral cavity proper?

A 
palatine tonsil 
uvula 
soft palate- rough of mouth
body of tongue 
submandibular ducts- underneath tongue
43
Q

What are the different surfaces of the teeth?

A

Incisal, occlusal, mesial, distal, buccal, palatal, linguinal, labial, cervical

44
Q

What is incisal and occlusal surface?

A

incisal-biting edge of the incisors and canines

occlusal- biting surface of the premolars and molars

45
Q

Surfaces of the sides of the teeth?

A

Mesial- surface of tooth nearest the mid-line of the arch
Distal- the surface of the tooth furthest away from the mid-line of the arch
labial- the surface facing the lips
Buccal- surface facing the cheeks (molars and premolars)

46
Q

Surface of teeth facing the inside?

A

palatal-surface facing the
palate- upper teeth
lingual- surface facing the tongue- lower teeth

47
Q

4 main dental tissues

A
  1. Enamel
  2. dentine
  3. cementum
  4. Pulp
48
Q

What is enamel?

A

hardest substance
white tissue- visable
no blood or nerve supply
formed before tooth erupts- made of minerals (96% hydroxylapatite)
- Damage to the enamel cant be repaired
- damaged by wear, acid erosion, fracture

49
Q

What is dentine?

A

lies below enamel
70% mineralised, rest structures and water
yellow appearance
brittle and differs in growth throughout life
- contains dentine tubules- radiate from centre of tooth (pulp)
- tubules full of fluid- carry sensation

50
Q

What is cementum?

A

Similar to dentine
50% mineralised
surface covering root - link between periodontal ligament that holds tooth to bone

51
Q

What is pulp?

A 
Centre of tooth 
shape and size varies but like a canal 
- keeps tooth supplied with moisture and nutrients 
- contains nerves 
- pulp inflamed= pulpitis
52
Q

How are teeth divided in a dental chart?

A

midline divide and by the oral cavity- left right and upper and lower
8 teeth each section
1. central, 2. lateral. 3. cuspid. 4/5. bicuspid 6/7. molars 8. premolar

53
Q

How does tooth decay happen?

A

Presence of acid in food

mixture of food debris and bacteria form a film over the teeth= plaque- bacterial waste (acid)- tooth decay

54
Q

Symptoms of tooth decay

A

Discolouration
sharp, long lasting pain- when eating/drinking
dull long-lasting throbbing toothache
infected or damaged

55
Q 
Deciduous teeth (baby/ milk teeth)
- takes 6 months until 20 to lose teeth
A
  1. pulp chambers are wider and more vascularised
  2. deciduous teeth are smaller and enamel is whiter/ more opaque
  3. these teeth are more bulbus and the cervical junction is more pronounced
  4. roots are shooter and narrower and they feature resortion of the roots
56
Q

the first primary teeth erupt at what age?

A

6 months

- often lower teeth erupt first

57
Q

First permanent teeth?

A

6 years

58
Q

When do most kids have all their primary teeth?

A

2 1/2 years

59
Q

What is teething?

A

Eruption of teeth - often not painless

don’t cut through gums- gums melt and tooth emerges

60
Q

What are dental materials?

A

Presence of a restoration in a tooth gives a unique picture of an individual

61
Q

What are the commonly used materials for tooth restorations?

A

amalgams- lead based
composities- tooth coloured restorations
Temporary fillings, gold crowns, bridges

62
Q

How do we look at dental materials

A

X Ray

similar radiography of the antemortem and post-mortem

63
Q

Key stages of development of human dentition

A

seen prenatal- not erupted

  • first erupt 6 months
  • 6 years all primary teeth through- start to fall out
  • 12 years- all adult teeth except 2nd molars and pre molars through
  • 21 years pre molar comes through- wisdom teeth

Forensic Anatomy (7 decks)

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