Week 3 Flashcards
PML
Neurocysticercosis
Secondary causes of hypertension
PNH
CNS lymphoma
Presence of EBV DNA in the CSF is specific for this condition
MRI reveals a weakly ring-enhancing mass that is usually solitary and periventricular
Clincial features of primary adrenal insufficiency
Clinical features of trichinellosis
Lymphedema
Cervicofacial actinomyces
Systemic sclerosis
Common causes of diarrhea in patients with AIDS
Types of systematic error
Common causes of myopathy
Hepatic hydrothorax
generally results in transudative pleural effusions and is thought to occur due to small defects in the diaphram
Diagnosis involves documentation of the effusion and testing to exclude other causes
Clinical features of pulmonary hypertension
Clinical features of primary adrenal insufficiency
earliest renal abnormailty seen in diabetic nepropathy
Glomerular hyperfiltration. Is also the major pathophysiologic mechanism of glomerular injury in these patients
Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane is the first change that can be quantified
Diffuse esophageal spasm
episodes of dysphagia, regurgitation and/or chest pain precipitated by emotional stress
Manometry established diagnosis
Nitrates and ca channel blockers relax SM of esophagus and alleviate the pain
Features of carcinoid syndrome
Evaluation of bright red blood per rectum
Facial paralysis/motor neurons
Calcium in blood
40-45% bound to albumin and other plasma proteins
Patients with hypoalbuminemia may have significant deficit in total blood caccium, however, the ionized plasma calcium (physiologically actie form) is hormonally regulated and remains stabe
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 2
Caused by persistant activation of the alternative complement pathway
C3 deposits
Drugs/supplements that affect warfarin metabolism
Digitalis toxicity
Causes increased ectopy and increased vagal tone
Atrial tachycardia with AV block occurs from combination of these two digitalis effects and is relatively specific for digitalis toxicity
Primary vs secondary central adrenal insufficiency
Claw toe and hammer toe defornities
Inbalance in strength and flexibility
In patient with longstanding diabetes may suggest underlying diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Mechanism of hypovolemic hyponatremia
Decreased renal perfusion leads to decreased renal tubular na delivery which stimulates the RAAS system and increases na reabsoption
Nonosmotic stimulation of ADH occurs and hypotension
Salt and water retention help correct hypovolemia
causes hypovolemic hyponatremia
Opportunistic infections in HIV
Laclunar stroke of posterolateral thalmus
typically presents with sudden onset contralateral sensory loss involving all sensory modalities (ie pure sensory stroke)
weeks to months later, pateints can develop thalamic pain syndrome characterized by severe paroxysmal burning pain over the affected area that is exacerbated by light toutch (allodynia)
Cholesteral crystal embolism
Cancer related anorexia/cachexia
Progesterone analogues and corticosteroids
Progesterone analogues preferred due to decreased incidence of side effects
Sjogren syndrome
Common fibular neuropathy
transient
Unilateral foot drow
Numbness/tingling over the dorsal foot and lateral shin
Impaired ankle dorsiflexion (walking on heels)
Preserved plantar flexion (walking on toes)
Clinical characteristics of major stroke subtypes
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Pericardial effusions ekg
Eletrical alterans
QRS complexes whose amplitudes vary from beat to beat
thought to result from heart’s swinging back and forth within an increased quantity of pericardial fluid
Spinal cord compression
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis
Refactory hypokalemia
Hypomagnesmia is one well known cause
Chronic alcoholism can cause
Intracellular mg thoguht to inhibit K secretion by renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channels in the collecting tubules of the kidney. Therefore low intracellular mg results in excessive renal pottasium loss
Hyperestrinism in cirrhosis
leads to gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, decreased body hair, spider angiomas, and palmar erythema
Sympathetic opthalmia
Characterized by damage of one eye (the sympathetic eye) after a penetrating injury to the other eye
Due to immunologic mecahnism involving the recognition of “hidden” antigens
Clinical features of osteomalacia
Depression related cognitive impairment
SSRIs and psycotherapy
As depression improves cognitive impairment should return to baseline
Syphilis manigestations
Erythropoeitin side effect
Hypertension.
Viterous hemorrhage
Typically presents as a sudden loss of vision and onset of floaters
Occurs in paitents with diabetic retinopathy
