Week 3

Question 1

Who (in a sense) answered gemeinschaft and gesellschaft?

Answer 1

Robert Park

Question 2

How did Robert Park describe the differences between cities and communities?

Answer 2

City (encourages)
- unconventionality, divergence, eccentricity, exceptionality (a social ecosystem)

Community (imposes)
- discipline, social control, accepted moral laws, social conventions, restraint (difference is tolerated at best, marginalized at worst)

Question 3

Who was Talcot Parsons?

Answer 3

• He was a sociologist at Harvard University that served as a counter-voice to Robert Park
• He was a functionalist who favoured norms over difference

Question 4

What were some key studies of the Chicago School?

Answer 4

Nels Anderson - “The Hobos” (1923)

• pioneered participant observation method
• found that geography is important (for groups to meet) –> “hoboemia”
• extremely progressive notion of democracy
• found that different races could co-habit without reproducing the racism found in other social hierarchy

Paul Cressey - “The Taxi-Dance Hall” (1932)

• a time of immigrant influx
• women had difficulty getting established
• there were ethical issues as he sent his graduate students to the clubs undercover
• “commercial recreation”

Question 5

What was the key difference for The Chicago School?

Answer 5

• Deviants defy integration

- They form “DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATIONS” with other non-normative types (birds of a feather)

Question 6

Explain “norms”

Answer 6

• Norms are relative
• Non-conformity = re-adjustment (not maladjustment)
• Those who reject dominant norms are not norm-less
• Non-normative individuals seek out social groups where (non-standard) norms prevail

Question 7

Explain “deviance”

Answer 7

• Deviance is the result of social norms

- When you make rules, you create deviance

Question 8

What is a buccaneer?

Answer 8

It means “barbecuer”

Question 9

When was the golden age of piracy?

Answer 9

1680-1730

Question 10

Define “spanish main”

Answer 10

Settlements of Spain (Mexico and South America)

Question 11

Define “corsair”

Answer 11

Spanish pirates

Question 12

Define “barbary”

Answer 12

Pirate fraternity off the coast of the Ottoman Empire (Mediterranean, Tripoli, Turkey, Istanbul)

Question 13

Define “mizzenmast”

Answer 13

Back mast (pole)

Question 14

Define “keelhauling”

Answer 14

The part of the ship underwater; person is dragged under ship, around the ship

Question 15

Define “port”

Answer 15

Right of the ship

Question 16

Define “starboard”

Answer 16

Left of the ship

Question 17

Define “POSH”

Answer 17

Portside out starboard home

Question 18

Define “fathom”

Answer 18

Depth of the water

Question 19

Define “shanghai”

Answer 19

(verb) to drug a man unconscious and ship him as a sailor

Question 20

What is “pioneering”?

Answer 20

• The main purpose of privateering was PROFIT; capture as many ships as possible, mostly in times of war (they resorted to violence)
• There was a relationship to the state navies because privateers were in authority of gov’t (only during times of war)
• There was a specific makeup of crew (lots of guns, heavily manned), raids were called “cruises”
• They were legitimized by approval from gov’t and a letter of marquee (a licence to plunder)

Question 21

What were some of the codes governing privateering?

Answer 21

• Rights of Neutrals were always to be protected (Ex: If you are not at war w/ the Dutch, you are not to touch their ships)
• Captured crews/vessels were brought back to port
• Evidence from crew
• Forbidden to embezzle cargo
• Everything from ships were called “prizes” and divided by “shares”
• No prey, no pay (commissions; you don’t get paid if you don’t capture ships)

Question 22

What was the “Triangular Slave Trade”?

Answer 22

Ships left ports to go to Africa and steal natives to sell to West Indians, for goods and return to England (and other countries)

Question 23

Define “careening”

Answer 23

Cleaning the bottom of the boat (takes 2-3 months)

Question 24

Define “barrels”

Answer 24

Used to transport goods like ammunition, molasses

Question 25

Define “woodling”

Answer 25

A mask that puts intense pressure on head

Question 26

Define “marooning”

Answer 26

Leaving a pirate in the middle of nowhere

Question 27

Who was Bartholemeow Roberts?

Answer 27

A notable pirate who captured more treasure than any other pirate

Question 28

What was Edward Low known for?

Answer 28

He cut off the ears of people to torture them

Question 29

What were some weapons used by pirates?

Answer 29

• Flintlock pistol, cutlass, axe, grenados, cannons

Question 30

What were the progressive components of pirate culture?

Answer 30

• Egalitarian split of the booty
• Captains were elected and could be removed
• Respected trials and law
• Maintained England’s social codes of honourable behaviour
• Robert’s articles (no gambling, curfew, keep weapons clean and ready, deserting ship is punishable by death, rest on sabbath)
• Some pirate ships had precursors to insurance (sums were set aside in case of injury)

Question 31

What were the “Pieces of Eight”?

Answer 31

• 1st mint in America
• The coin that was minted with the most value was the 8 “reales” which could be divided into 8 pieces
• It became the most widely accepted piece of tender
• The most common global currency was the “pillar dollar”
• The pillars represented the pillars of Hercules