Week 3 Flashcards
Who (in a sense) answered gemeinschaft and gesellschaft?
Robert Park
How did Robert Park describe the differences between cities and communities?
City (encourages)
- unconventionality, divergence, eccentricity, exceptionality (a social ecosystem)
Community (imposes)
- discipline, social control, accepted moral laws, social conventions, restraint (difference is tolerated at best, marginalized at worst)
Who was Talcot Parsons?
- He was a sociologist at Harvard University that served as a counter-voice to Robert Park
- He was a functionalist who favoured norms over difference
What were some key studies of the Chicago School?
Nels Anderson - “The Hobos” (1923)
- pioneered participant observation method
- found that geography is important (for groups to meet) –> “hoboemia”
- extremely progressive notion of democracy
- found that different races could co-habit without reproducing the racism found in other social hierarchy
Paul Cressey - “The Taxi-Dance Hall” (1932)
- a time of immigrant influx
- women had difficulty getting established
- there were ethical issues as he sent his graduate students to the clubs undercover
- “commercial recreation”
What was the key difference for The Chicago School?
- Deviants defy integration
- They form “DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATIONS” with other non-normative types (birds of a feather)
Explain “norms”
- Norms are relative
- Non-conformity = re-adjustment (not maladjustment)
- Those who reject dominant norms are not norm-less
- Non-normative individuals seek out social groups where (non-standard) norms prevail
Explain “deviance”
- Deviance is the result of social norms
- When you make rules, you create deviance
What is a buccaneer?
It means “barbecuer”
When was the golden age of piracy?
1680-1730
Define “spanish main”
Settlements of Spain (Mexico and South America)
Define “corsair”
Spanish pirates
Define “barbary”
Pirate fraternity off the coast of the Ottoman Empire (Mediterranean, Tripoli, Turkey, Istanbul)
Define “mizzenmast”
Back mast (pole)
Define “keelhauling”
The part of the ship underwater; person is dragged under ship, around the ship
Define “port”
Right of the ship
Define “starboard”
Left of the ship
Define “POSH”
Portside out starboard home
Define “fathom”
Depth of the water
Define “shanghai”
(verb) to drug a man unconscious and ship him as a sailor
What is “pioneering”?
- The main purpose of privateering was PROFIT; capture as many ships as possible, mostly in times of war (they resorted to violence)
- There was a relationship to the state navies because privateers were in authority of gov’t (only during times of war)
- There was a specific makeup of crew (lots of guns, heavily manned), raids were called “cruises”
- They were legitimized by approval from gov’t and a letter of marquee (a licence to plunder)
What were some of the codes governing privateering?
- Rights of Neutrals were always to be protected (Ex: If you are not at war w/ the Dutch, you are not to touch their ships)
- Captured crews/vessels were brought back to port
- Evidence from crew
- Forbidden to embezzle cargo
- Everything from ships were called “prizes” and divided by “shares”
- No prey, no pay (commissions; you don’t get paid if you don’t capture ships)
What was the “Triangular Slave Trade”?
Ships left ports to go to Africa and steal natives to sell to West Indians, for goods and return to England (and other countries)
Define “careening”
Cleaning the bottom of the boat (takes 2-3 months)
Define “barrels”
Used to transport goods like ammunition, molasses
Define “woodling”
A mask that puts intense pressure on head
Define “marooning”
Leaving a pirate in the middle of nowhere
Who was Bartholemeow Roberts?
A notable pirate who captured more treasure than any other pirate
What was Edward Low known for?
He cut off the ears of people to torture them
What were some weapons used by pirates?
- Flintlock pistol, cutlass, axe, grenados, cannons
What were the progressive components of pirate culture?
- Egalitarian split of the booty
- Captains were elected and could be removed
- Respected trials and law
- Maintained England’s social codes of honourable behaviour
- Robert’s articles (no gambling, curfew, keep weapons clean and ready, deserting ship is punishable by death, rest on sabbath)
- Some pirate ships had precursors to insurance (sums were set aside in case of injury)
What were the “Pieces of Eight”?
- 1st mint in America
- The coin that was minted with the most value was the 8 “reales” which could be divided into 8 pieces
- It became the most widely accepted piece of tender
- The most common global currency was the “pillar dollar”
- The pillars represented the pillars of Hercules
