Week 3-4 Anat slides

Question 1

What is Newtons first law

Answer 1

An object in motion will remain in motion and an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a force. The more mass an object has, the greater its inertia and the more force it takes to change the state of motion.

Question 2

What is Newton second law

Answer 2

When a force acts on an object, it will cause the object to accelerate. The larger the mass of the object, the greater the force will need to be to cause it to accelerate. This law may be written as force = mass x acceleration.

Question 3

What is Newtons third law

Answer 3

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. What this means is that pushing on an object causes that object to push back against you, the exact same amount of force, but in the opposite direction.

Question 4

What is considered an external force

Name three examples of external forces

Answer 4

Push or pull on the body that arise from outside of the body

Gravity is a human’s constant force and thus always needs to be considered first when looking at human movement (on earth!)

Friction

Ground Reaction Force (GRF)

Question 5

What is an internal force?

Answer 5

Internal

These forces act on the body but come from within the body: muscles, ligaments and bones

Question 6

What to joints do?

Answer 6

Joints provide articulating points within our skeleton to allow movement.

Question 7

What do muscles do?

Answer 7

Muscles contract to provide the force necessary to move the joints.

Question 8

What do spinal muscles do?

Answer 8

Spinal muscles surround and support spinal column.

Question 9

What is agonist and antagonist muscles?

Answer 9

Agonist and antagonist muscles act simultaneously.

Question 10

What is co contraction?

Answer 10

Agonist and antagonist muscles acting simultaneously.
Exerts force in different directions to stabilize
Acts as synergists for movement

Question 11

What is friction?

Answer 11

Friction is the force produced between two surfaces when they interact against one another.

Question 12

What is:
Kinetic friction
Static friction
Define kinetic friction

Answer 12

Kinetic friction – the force produced when one object moves against another.

Static friction occurs between two surfaces that are at rest.

Kinetic friction occurs in the opposite direction to the movement of the object (Newton’s third law)

Question 13

Name 2 factors that effect friction

Answer 13

Relative roughness of the sliding surfaces
Weight of the object

Question 14

Define core (trunk)

Answer 14

Central scaffold for maintaining or transitioning to various positions

Body’s core region

Back, abdomen, thorax (chest), and pelvis

Question 15

Define vertebral (spinal) column

Answer 15

All of the vertebrae that form the spine

Question 16

Define co contraction

Answer 16

Simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles

Contributes to static and dynamic stability for occupational performance

Question 17

Define axial skeleton

Answer 17

Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum
Skull

Attachment sites for large muscles

Question 18

What positions are made possible in the vertebral column and what is the range of motion limited by?

Answer 18

flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation

The range of movement of the vertebral column is limited by the thickness, elasticity, and compressibility of the vertebrae discs.

Question 19

Name the 5 regions of the spine.

How many vertebrae are in each

Answer 19

5 regions:
*
Cervical (7)
*
Thoracic (12)
*
Lumbar (5)
*
Sacral (5)
*
Coccygeal (4)

Question 20

What is lordosis and where does it occur in the spine?

Answer 20

Anterior curvature of spine
*
Cervical vertebrae
*
Lumbar vertebrae

Question 21

Define kyphosis and where does it occur

Answer 21

Posterior curvature of the
*
Thoracic vertebrae
*
Sacral vertebrae

Question 22

What is the function of the vertebral body?

Answer 22

Main portion of vertebrae

Cancellous (spongy) bone

Absorbs compressive forces

Question 23

What is the vertebral arch?

Answer 23

Formed by pedicles and laminae

Bony base for processes

Question 24

What is the vertebral foramen

Answer 24

Opening posterior to vertebral body

Bony canal for spinal cord

Question 25

What is the Intervertebral foramen?

Answer 25

Opening between adjacent vertebrae Passage for spinal nerves

Question 26

What is the intervertebral disc?

Answer 26

Between vertebral bodies Stabilizes and absorbs shock

Question 27

What is the annulus fibrosus in the vertebral column?

Answer 27

Fibrous outer ring

Question 28

What is the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 28

Gel-like inner core

Question 29

Where is the spinous process?

Answer 29

Projects dorsally and inferiorly

Question 30

Where is the transverse processes located?

Answer 30

Extend laterally from each side

Question 31

What is the sternum?

Answer 31

Also known as breastbone Flat vertical bone Aligned with vertebral column Anterior support for rib cage Articular surfaces for ribs (sternocostal joints)

Question 32

List all ribs and what they connect too

Answer 32

Formed by 12 pairs of ribs Held to skeleton by vertebrae and sternum True ribs: First 7 ribs Direct links to sternum with costal cartilage False ribs: ribs 8-10 connect to other costal cartilage Ribs 8–12 Floating ribs 11-12 No bony connection to sternum

Question 33

What are the function of the diaphragm

Answer 33

Muscular seal to inferior rib cage Controls volume of thoracic cavity for respiration and speech Contraction causes chest cavity to expand

Question 34

Function of the lumbar spine

Answer 34

5 vertebrae Largest and least mobile Thicker anteriorly Lumbar lordosis

Question 35

What is the sacrum

Answer 35

Sacrum: Triangular bone Beneath 5th lumbar vertebra Forms posterior pelvic wall

Question 36

What is the coccyx

Answer 36

Tailbone Formed by 3–5 small vertebrae

Question 37

Actions of the trunk and neck

Answer 37

Extend Rotate Laterally flex

Question 38

7 muscles of the back

Answer 38

Erector spinae group Transversospinalis group Splenii Suboccipitals Quadratus lumborum Intertransversarii and interspinales muscles Serratus posterior superior and inferior

Question 39

Erector spinae group where they are located / origin & attachment.

Answer 39

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis: Most superficial Lower vertebral column and pelvis to base of skull

Question 40

Functions of the erector spinae

Answer 40

Brings body back to neutral after flexing Cooperates with abdominals for static standing

Question 41

Actionsof anterior musculature actions on trunk and neck

Answer 41

Stabilize Flex (anteriorly, laterally) Rotation

Question 42

5 muscles of the trunk and neck

Answer 42

Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes Abdominal muscles Diaphragm Intercostals

Question 43

Roles of the rectus abdominus & rectus sheath

Answer 43

Rectus sheath: Encases muscles Rectus abdominis: Flexes trunk

Question 44

External oblique roles

Answer 44

Trunk flexion Abdominal compression Ipsilateral flexion Contralateral trunk rotation

Question 45

Internal oblique roles

Answer 45

Trunk flexion Lateral flexion Ipsilateral trunk rotation

Question 46

Transverse Abdominis

Answer 46

Stabilizes pelvis and spine Assists with lifting activities

Question 47

Roles of the diaphragm

Answer 47

Controls volume of thoracic cavity

Question 48

Roles of the intercostals

Answer 48

Elevation and depression of ribs with deep breathing

Question 49

7 possible results of bad posture

Answer 49

Misalignment Increase pressure on the spine Pain & discomfort Decreased flexibility Affected balance and increased risk of falling Affected digestion Affected breathing

Question 50

What is ergonomics?

Answer 50

The study of human interaction and efficiency within the work environment

Question 51

Define posture

Answer 51

The attitude assumed by the body with support, during movement, or as a result of the coordinated action performed by a group of muscles working to maintain the stability. 2 types: dynamic & static posture

Question 52

Define postural control

Answer 52

The ability to achieve/maintain a balanced body position for a given activity

Question 53

Muscles involved in trunk flexion

Answer 53

The rectus abdominis and external oblique contribute to trunk flexion for activities like sitting up after a long night’s rest.

Question 54

Muscles involved in trunk extension

Answer 54

The longissimus, iliocostalis, multifidi, semispinalis capitis, spinalis, and quadratus lumborum contribute to standing at the sink to complete self-care activities.

Question 55

Muscles involved in trunk rotation

Answer 55

The external oblique, internal oblique, multifidi, and rotators contribute to trunk rotation for activities like completing dowel rod exercises.

Question 56

Muscles involved in lateral trunk flexion

Answer 56

The iliocostalis, external oblique, internal oblique, longissimus, and quadratus lumborum contribute to trunk lateral flexion for activities like completing seated stretches.

Question 57

Muscles involved with inhalation

Answer 57

The anterior scalene, middle scalene, posterior scalene, sternocleidomastoid, and external intercostals contribute to expansion of the rib cage during inhalation for activities like running.

Question 58

Muscles involved with exhalation

Answer 58

The internal intercostals and serratus posterior inferior contribute to depression of the rib cage during exhalation for activities like running.

Question 59

Bones & function of the pelvis

Answer 59

The pelvic girdle includes the includes the hip bones: ilium, ischium and pubis, sacrum and coccyx. ▪ The pelvis’ main function is bearing the weight of the upper body when sitting and standing and transferring this weight to the lower body when walking/running . ▪ The pelvis also protects the abdominal viscera.

Question 60

Under what vertebrae is the sacrum located under?

Answer 60

5th lumbar vertebrae

Question 61

Properties and function of the Sacroiliac Joint

Answer 61

Stabilizes pelvis under strain of opposing forces ▪ Biomechanical link between upper & lower body ▪ Synovial joint with very limited rotation

Question 62

Hip joint structure and movements allowed

Answer 62

Structural classification: ball-and-socket joint Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external & internal rotation

Question 63

Name the 5 main bony landmarks of the femur

Answer 63

Main points: ▪ Femoral head – articulates with the acetabulum, forming the hip joint ▪ Femoral neck ▪ Femur widens distally to form proximal aspect of knee joint ▪ Greater trochanter ▪ Lesser trochanter

Question 64

Functions of the hip flexors

Answer 64

Psoas major ▪ Iliacus ▪ Collectively known as the iliopsoas ▪ They work together to flex the hip, e.g. placing one leg in front of the other during walking ▪ Also used to flex the trunk, e.g. when lying supine and sitting up ▪ Iliopsoas also tilts pelvis anteriorly

Question 65

What muscles are engaged during hip flexion?

Answer 65

The psoas major, iliacus, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, and rectus femoris contribute to hip flexion for activities like kicking a soccer ball.

Question 66

Main hip extensors

Answer 66

Gluteus maximus ▪ Largest gluteal muscle ▪ Extends hip ▪ High force demands (running, climbing) Hamstring ▪ Span the hip and knee ▪

Question 67

2 main muscles associated with hip abduction

Answer 67

Gluteus medius and minimus Tensor fasciae latae

Question 68

5 main muscles used in hip adduction

Answer 68

Adductor magnus ▪ Adductor longus ▪ Adductor brevis ▪ Pectineus ▪ Gracilis

Question 69

Adductor Magnus functions

Answer 69

Adducts hip ▪ Internal rotation of hip ▪ Extends hip

Question 70

Adductor Longus and Brevis functions

Answer 70

Adduct hip ▪ Internal rotation of hip ▪ Internal rotation of knee

Question 71

Functions of the pectineus

Answer 71

Adducts hip ▪ Internal rotation of hip ▪ Internal rotation of knee

Question 72

Functions of the gracilis

Answer 72

Adducts hip ▪ Internal rotation of hip ▪ Internal rotation of flexed knee

Question 73

All the muscles that contribute to hip adduction

Answer 73

The adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, gracilis, and gluteus maximus (lower fibers) contribute to hip adduction for activities like gymnastics.

Question 74

All the muscles that contribute to abduction

Answer 74

The gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, and piriformis contribute to hip abduction for activities like ice skating.

Question 75

All the muscles that contribute to hip extension

Answer 75

The gluteus maximus, hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), adductor magnus, and gluteus medius contribute to hip extension for activities like ballroom dancing.

Question 76

All the muscles that go into hip rotation

Answer 76

Piriformis Quadratus femoris Obturator internus Obturator externus Gemellus superior Gemellus inferior

Question 77

All the muscles that go into internal hip rotation

Answer 77

The gluteus medius (anterior fibers), gluteus minimus, adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, and gracilis contribute to hip internal rotation for activities like skiing.

Question 78

All the muscles that go into external rotation of the hip

Answer 78

The gluteus maximus, piriformis, quadratus femoris, obturator internus, obturator externus, gemellus superior and inferior, gluteus medius (posterior fibers), psoas major, iliacus, and sartorius contribute to hip external rotation for activities like line dancing.

Question 79

Define Torque

Answer 79

Torqueis a measure of how much a force acting on an object causes that object to rotate. ▪ Torque depends on the amount of force (F) applied and the distance of the force from the axis of movement, the moment arm (r)

Question 80

The amount of torque depends on two factors

Answer 80

Magnitude of the force * Distance of the force from the axis

Question 81

Define Torque equilibrium

Answer 81

Torque equilibrium is when the torque being produced on a pivot point in opposing directions is equal.

Question 82

What is manual muscle testing?

Answer 82

Assessment of muscle strength, used to evaluate weakness ▪ Used where neurological disease, muscle imbalance or weakness is suspected ▪ Also referred to as motor testing, muscle test grading, or similar terms – but all focused on assessing muscle strength

Question 83

What is: Pelvic tilt Pelvic rotation Pelvic obliquity

Answer 83

Pelvic tilt: ▪ Sagittal plane position Pelvis tilts anterior or posterior Pelvic rotation: ▪ Transverse plane position Rotation of one side of pelvis is anterior or posterior Pelvic obliquity: ▪ Frontal plane position One side of pelvis is superior or inferior to other

Question 84

List 8 abnormal gait patterns

Answer 84

Trendelenburg gait Circumduction gait Foot drop Hemiplegic gait Antalgic gait Ataxic gait Scissor gait Parkinsonian gait

Question 85

Describe the Trendelenburg gait

Answer 85

If the gluteus Medius is weak, the pelvis will drop excessively on the swing leg side with each step, called The trunk will also lean toward

Question 86

Describe Circumduction gait

Answer 86

With limited range of motion, or with weakness of the muscles contributing to typical movements of the legs for ambulation, the trunk and pelvis often compensate by rotating anteriorly, circumducting (swinging) the leg out to the side of the body to propel it forward. Called circumduction gait , this compensatory pattern occurs in patients with general muscle weakness, hemiplegia, or osteoarthritis of the knee

Question 87

Describe foot drop

Answer 87

Weakness or paralysis of the ankle dorsiflexors can impair heel strike, with the toes coming into contact with the ground prior to the heel. This pattern is called equinus gait . During the swing phase, the toes often drag against the ground due to foot drop , formal term for the loss of ankle dorsiflexion, and it is common after a stroke or TBI. Isolated weakness of the dorsiflexors can result from injury to the deep fibular nerve, with the strength of the hip and knee preserved. In this case, the hip compensates through excessive flexion to allow the foot to clear the ground, termed high-stepping or steppage gait .

Question 88

Describe Hemiplegic gait

Answer 88

A hemiplegic gait pattern involves paralysis or weak- ness of an entire side of the body resulting from a neurological pathology like a stroke, TBI, or cerebral palsy. This gait pattern may include circumduction of the leg with foot drop, but it also includes common positions of the upper and lower extremities. The hip is often internally rotated and adducted, with an unstable knee extended against the weight of gravity.

Question 89

Describe antalgic gait

Answer 89

Antalgic gait literally means ambulating against ( anti ), or to avoid, pain ( algos ). For example, suppose you experience an ankle sprain and limp for several days afterward due to the pain of weight-bearing through the affected leg. This pattern shortens the stance phase through the painful leg and shifts the weight onto the non injured opposite side.

Question 90

Define ataxic gait

Answer 90

Generally, due to neurological impairment of the cerebellum, the individual strives for a wider base of support with jerky, staggering movements in attempts to ambulate. The loss of global coordination and impaired proximal stability have a considerable effect on upper extremity function.

Question 91

Define scissor gait

Answer 91

Individuals with a scissor gait demonstrate a narrowing, or even crossing-over, of the legs as they walk ( 10.52 ). This is often due to abnormal muscle tone with tightness of the hip adductors and is associated with cerebral palsy or other neurological pathologies that cause muscle spasticity.

Question 92

Define Parkinsonian Gait

Answer 92

For individuals with Parkinson’s disease, gait is affected by impaired perception and modulation of motor movements. Parkinsonian gait includes shuffling the feet—small forward motions with limited elevation of the legs—with flexion of the trunk, placing the weight of the body on the balls of the feet ( 10.53 ). This gait pattern increases the risk of falls and injury.