Week 3-4 Anat slides Flashcards
What is Newtons first law
An object in motion will remain in motion and an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a force. The more mass an object has, the greater its inertia and the more force it takes to change the state of motion.
What is Newton second law
When a force acts on an object, it will cause the object to accelerate. The larger the mass of the object, the greater the force will need to be to cause it to accelerate. This law may be written as force = mass x acceleration.
What is Newtons third law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. What this means is that pushing on an object causes that object to push back against you, the exact same amount of force, but in the opposite direction.
What is considered an external force
Name three examples of external forces
Push or pull on the body that arise from outside of the body
Gravity is a human’s constant force and thus always needs to be considered first when looking at human movement (on earth!)
Friction
Ground Reaction Force (GRF)
What is an internal force?
Internal
These forces act on the body but come from within the body: muscles, ligaments and bones
What to joints do?
Joints provide articulating points within our skeleton to allow movement.
What do muscles do?
Muscles contract to provide the force necessary to move the joints.
What do spinal muscles do?
Spinal muscles surround and support spinal column.
What is agonist and antagonist muscles?
Agonist and antagonist muscles act simultaneously.
What is co contraction?
Agonist and antagonist muscles acting simultaneously.
Exerts force in different directions to stabilize
Acts as synergists for movement
What is friction?
Friction is the force produced between two surfaces when they interact against one another.
What is:
Kinetic friction
Static friction
Define kinetic friction
Kinetic friction – the force produced when one object moves against another.
Static friction occurs between two surfaces that are at rest.
Kinetic friction occurs in the opposite direction to the movement of the object (Newton’s third law)
Name 2 factors that effect friction
Relative roughness of the sliding surfaces
Weight of the object
Define core (trunk)
Central scaffold for maintaining or transitioning to various positions
Body’s core region
Back, abdomen, thorax (chest), and pelvis
Define vertebral (spinal) column
All of the vertebrae that form the spine
Define co contraction
Simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles
Contributes to static and dynamic stability for occupational performance
Define axial skeleton
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum
Skull
Attachment sites for large muscles
What positions are made possible in the vertebral column and what is the range of motion limited by?
flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation
The range of movement of the vertebral column is limited by the thickness, elasticity, and compressibility of the vertebrae discs.
Name the 5 regions of the spine.
How many vertebrae are in each
5 regions:
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Cervical (7)
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Thoracic (12)
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Lumbar (5)
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Sacral (5)
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Coccygeal (4)
What is lordosis and where does it occur in the spine?
Anterior curvature of spine
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Cervical vertebrae
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Lumbar vertebrae
Define kyphosis and where does it occur
Posterior curvature of the
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Thoracic vertebrae
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Sacral vertebrae
What is the function of the vertebral body?
Main portion of vertebrae
Cancellous (spongy) bone
Absorbs compressive forces
What is the vertebral arch?
Formed by pedicles and laminae
Bony base for processes
What is the vertebral foramen
Opening posterior to vertebral body
Bony canal for spinal cord
What is the Intervertebral foramen?
Opening between adjacent vertebrae
Passage for spinal nerves
What is the intervertebral disc?
Between vertebral bodies
Stabilizes and absorbs shock
What is the annulus fibrosus in the vertebral column?
Fibrous outer ring
What is the nucleus pulposus?
Gel-like inner core
Where is the spinous process?
Projects dorsally and inferiorly
Where is the transverse processes located?
Extend laterally from each side
What is the sternum?
Also known as breastbone
Flat vertical bone
Aligned with vertebral column
Anterior support for rib cage
Articular surfaces for ribs (sternocostal joints)
List all ribs and what they connect too
Formed by 12 pairs of ribs
Held to skeleton by vertebrae and sternum
True ribs:
First 7 ribs
Direct links to sternum with costal cartilage
False ribs:
ribs 8-10 connect to other costal cartilage
Ribs 8–12
Floating ribs 11-12
No bony connection to sternum
What are the function of the diaphragm
Muscular seal to inferior rib cage
Controls volume of thoracic cavity for respiration and speech
Contraction causes chest cavity to expand
Function of the lumbar spine
5 vertebrae
Largest and least mobile
Thicker anteriorly
Lumbar lordosis
What is the sacrum
Sacrum:
Triangular bone
Beneath 5th lumbar vertebra
Forms posterior pelvic wall
What is the coccyx
Tailbone
Formed by 3–5 small vertebrae
Actions of the trunk and neck
Extend
Rotate
Laterally flex
7 muscles of the back
Erector spinae group
Transversospinalis group
Splenii
Suboccipitals
Quadratus lumborum
Intertransversarii and interspinales muscles
Serratus posterior superior and inferior
Erector spinae group where they are located / origin & attachment.
Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis:
Most superficial
Lower vertebral column and pelvis to base of skull
Functions of the erector spinae
Brings body back to neutral after flexing
Cooperates with abdominals for static standing
Actionsof anterior musculature actions on trunk and neck
Stabilize
Flex (anteriorly, laterally)
Rotation
5 muscles of the trunk and neck
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Abdominal muscles
Diaphragm
Intercostals
Roles of the rectus abdominus & rectus sheath
Rectus sheath:
Encases muscles
Rectus abdominis:
Flexes trunk
External oblique roles
Trunk flexion
Abdominal compression
Ipsilateral flexion
Contralateral trunk rotation
Internal oblique roles
Trunk flexion
Lateral flexion
Ipsilateral trunk rotation
Transverse Abdominis
Stabilizes pelvis and spine
Assists with lifting activities
Roles of the diaphragm
Controls volume of thoracic cavity
Roles of the intercostals
Elevation and depression of ribs with deep breathing
7 possible results of bad posture
Misalignment
Increase pressure on the spine
Pain & discomfort
Decreased flexibility
Affected balance and increased risk of falling
Affected digestion
Affected breathing
What is ergonomics?
The study of human interaction and efficiency within the work environment
Define posture
The attitude assumed by the body with support, during movement, or as a result of the coordinated action performed by a group of muscles working to maintain the stability.
2 types: dynamic & static posture
Define postural control
The ability to achieve/maintain a balanced body position for a given activity
Muscles involved in trunk flexion
The rectus abdominis and external oblique contribute to trunk flexion for activities like sitting up after a long night’s rest.
Muscles involved in trunk extension
The longissimus, iliocostalis, multifidi, semispinalis capitis, spinalis, and quadratus lumborum contribute to standing at the sink to complete self-care activities.
Muscles involved in trunk rotation
The external oblique, internal oblique, multifidi, and rotators contribute to trunk rotation for activities like completing dowel rod exercises.
Muscles involved in lateral trunk flexion
The iliocostalis, external oblique, internal oblique, longissimus, and quadratus lumborum contribute to trunk lateral flexion for activities like completing seated stretches.
Muscles involved with inhalation
The anterior scalene, middle scalene, posterior scalene, sternocleidomastoid, and external intercostals contribute to expansion of the rib cage during inhalation for activities like running.
Muscles involved with exhalation
The internal intercostals and serratus posterior inferior contribute to depression of the rib cage during exhalation for activities like running.
Bones & function of the pelvis
The pelvic girdle includes the includes the hip bones: ilium, ischium and pubis, sacrum and coccyx.
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The pelvis’ main function is bearing the weight of the upper body when sitting and standing and transferring this weight to the lower body when walking/running .
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The pelvis also protects the abdominal viscera.
Under what vertebrae is the sacrum located under?
5th lumbar vertebrae
Properties and function of the Sacroiliac Joint
Stabilizes pelvis under strain of opposing forces
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Biomechanical link between upper & lower body
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Synovial joint with very limited rotation
Hip joint structure and movements allowed
Structural classification: ball-and-socket joint
Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external & internal rotation
Name the 5 main bony landmarks of the femur
Main points:
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Femoral head – articulates with the acetabulum, forming the hip joint
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Femoral neck
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Femur widens distally to form proximal aspect of knee joint
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Greater trochanter
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Lesser trochanter
Functions of the hip flexors
Psoas major
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Iliacus
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Collectively known as the iliopsoas
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They work together to flex the hip, e.g. placing one leg in front of the other during walking
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Also used to flex the trunk, e.g. when lying supine and sitting up
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Iliopsoas also tilts pelvis anteriorly
What muscles are engaged during hip flexion?
The psoas major, iliacus, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, and rectus femoris contribute to hip flexion for activities like kicking a soccer ball.
Main hip extensors
Gluteus maximus
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Largest gluteal muscle
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Extends hip
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High force demands (running, climbing)
Hamstring
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Span the hip and knee
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2 main muscles associated with hip abduction
Gluteus medius and minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
5 main muscles used in hip adduction
Adductor magnus
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Adductor longus
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Adductor brevis
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Pectineus
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Gracilis
Adductor Magnus functions
Adducts hip
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Internal rotation of hip
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Extends hip
Adductor Longus and Brevis functions
Adduct hip
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Internal rotation of hip
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Internal rotation of knee
Functions of the pectineus
Adducts hip
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Internal rotation of hip
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Internal rotation of knee
Functions of the gracilis
Adducts hip
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Internal rotation of hip
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Internal rotation of flexed knee
All the muscles that contribute to hip adduction
The adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, gracilis, and gluteus maximus (lower fibers) contribute to hip adduction for activities like gymnastics.
All the muscles that contribute to abduction
The gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, and piriformis contribute to hip abduction for activities like ice skating.
All the muscles that contribute to hip extension
The gluteus maximus, hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), adductor magnus, and gluteus medius contribute to hip extension for activities like ballroom dancing.
All the muscles that go into hip rotation
Piriformis
Quadratus femoris
Obturator internus
Obturator externus
Gemellus superior
Gemellus inferior
All the muscles that go into internal hip rotation
The gluteus medius (anterior fibers), gluteus minimus, adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, and gracilis contribute to hip internal rotation for activities like skiing.
All the muscles that go into external rotation of the hip
The gluteus maximus, piriformis, quadratus femoris, obturator internus, obturator externus, gemellus superior and inferior, gluteus medius (posterior fibers), psoas major, iliacus, and sartorius contribute to hip external rotation for activities like line dancing.
Define Torque
Torqueis a measure of how much a force acting on an object causes that object to rotate.
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Torque depends on the amount of force (F) applied and the distance of the force from the axis of movement, the moment arm (r)
The amount of torque depends on two factors
Magnitude of the force
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Distance of the force from the axis
Define Torque equilibrium
Torque equilibrium is when the torque being produced on a pivot point in opposing directions is equal.
What is manual muscle testing?
Assessment of muscle strength, used to evaluate weakness
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Used where neurological disease, muscle imbalance or weakness is suspected
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Also referred to as motor testing, muscle test grading, or similar terms – but all focused on assessing muscle strength
What is:
Pelvic tilt
Pelvic rotation
Pelvic obliquity
Pelvic tilt:
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Sagittal plane position
Pelvis tilts anterior or posterior
Pelvic rotation:
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Transverse plane position
Rotation of one side of pelvis is anterior or posterior
Pelvic obliquity:
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Frontal plane position
One side of pelvis is superior or inferior to other
List 8 abnormal gait patterns
Trendelenburg gait
Circumduction gait
Foot drop
Hemiplegic gait
Antalgic gait
Ataxic gait
Scissor gait
Parkinsonian gait
Describe the Trendelenburg gait
If the gluteus Medius is weak, the pelvis will drop excessively on the swing leg side with each step, called The trunk will also lean toward
Describe Circumduction gait
With limited range of motion, or with weakness of the muscles contributing to typical movements of the legs for ambulation, the trunk and pelvis often compensate by rotating anteriorly, circumducting (swinging) the leg out to the side of the body to propel it forward. Called circumduction gait , this compensatory pattern occurs in patients with general muscle weakness, hemiplegia, or osteoarthritis of the knee
Describe foot drop
Weakness or paralysis of the ankle dorsiflexors can impair heel strike, with the toes coming into contact with the ground prior to the heel. This pattern is called equinus gait . During the swing phase, the toes often drag against the ground due to foot drop , formal term for the loss of ankle dorsiflexion, and it is common after a stroke or TBI.
Isolated weakness of the dorsiflexors can result from injury to the deep fibular nerve, with the strength of the hip and knee preserved. In this case, the hip compensates through excessive flexion to allow the foot to clear the ground, termed high-stepping or steppage gait .
Describe Hemiplegic gait
A hemiplegic gait pattern involves paralysis or weak- ness of an entire side of the body resulting from a neurological pathology like a stroke, TBI, or cerebral palsy. This gait pattern may include circumduction of the leg with foot drop, but it also includes common positions of the upper and lower extremities. The hip is often internally rotated and adducted, with an unstable knee extended against the weight of gravity.
Describe antalgic gait
Antalgic gait literally means ambulating against ( anti ), or to avoid, pain ( algos ). For example, suppose you experience an ankle sprain and limp for several days afterward due to the pain of weight-bearing through the affected leg. This pattern shortens the stance phase through the painful leg and shifts the weight onto the non injured opposite side.
Define ataxic gait
Generally, due to neurological impairment of the cerebellum, the individual strives for a wider base of support with jerky, staggering movements in attempts to ambulate. The loss of global coordination and impaired proximal stability have a considerable effect on upper extremity function.
Define scissor gait
Individuals with a scissor gait demonstrate a narrowing, or even crossing-over, of the legs as they walk ( 10.52 ). This is often due to abnormal muscle tone with tightness of the hip adductors and is associated with cerebral palsy or other neurological pathologies that cause muscle spasticity.
Define Parkinsonian Gait
For individuals with Parkinson’s disease, gait is affected by impaired perception and modulation of motor movements. Parkinsonian gait includes shuffling the feet—small forward motions with limited elevation of the legs—with flexion of the trunk, placing the weight of the body on the balls of the feet ( 10.53 ). This gait pattern increases the risk of falls and injury.
