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BI276 > week 3,4,5,6 cont.. > Flashcards

week 3,4,5,6 cont.. Flashcards

1
Q

-acidic dye

A

chromophore is the negative ion

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2
Q

pH can alter staining effectivness since

A

nature and degree of charges on cell components change with pH

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3
Q

Fixation causes the cells to

A

-kills the cell

-solidifies cellular consistuents

-avoids creation of artifacts

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4
Q

Staining

A

-increases visibility

-increaes differece in refractive index

-emphasizes cell differences through light absorption

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5
Q

Fimbriae

A

-occur at bacterial cell poles or evenly distributed over entire cell surface

-few or servers hundred per cell

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6
Q

Staining

A

-increases visibility

-increase difference in refractive index

-emphasizes cell differences through light absorption

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7
Q

Decolourization:

A

tests degree of attachment of dye to cell substrate

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8
Q

application of counter stain

A

-emphasizes difference between cells that retained primary and decolourized cells.

-must not replace original stain.

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9
Q

simple stain

A

-alcohol solution of single basic dye

-highlights entire microorganism to visualize

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10
Q

-Differential stain

A

-react differently with different kinds of bacteria

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11
Q

Gram stain:

A

1-primary stain applied to heat fixed smear

2-rinse primary stain

3-decolourize

4-counterstain

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12
Q

gram negative:

A

-non-cluster, cell wall structures are different. They are vasatile and flexible, stay pink under differential stain

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13
Q

gram positive:

A

-cluster, stay purple

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14
Q

Acid fast stain:

A

-binds only to bacteria with a waxy cell wall

-used for genus

-carbolfuchsin applied to fixed smear then heated, cooled and rinsed

-acid-alchol decolourizes non acid-fast bacteria.

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15
Q

Negative stain

A

-used for capsule staining

-colloidal suspension of India ink or nigrosin provide dark background

-bacteria stained with a simple stain but capsular material will not retain bio dye

-capsules appear as halos.

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16
Q

Endospore stain:

A

-schaeffer-fulton endospore stain

-primary stain is steam heated for 5 mins

-after rinishing, safranin applied as a counterstain

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17
Q

Flagella stain:

A

-the structure requires layers of stain to be built upon it

-important in diagnostics of certain bacterial species.

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18
Q

Synthetic reactions:

A

result in the formation of a particular product from reactant

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19
Q

Decomp reaction

A

: bonds are broken resulting in smaller molecules.

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20
Q

exchange reactions:

A

part synthesis and part decomposition.

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21
Q

endergonic reaction:

A

absorbs more energy than it releases

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22
Q

excgonic reaction:

A

releases more energy than it absorbs or requires

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23
Q

inorganic compounds:

A

small sturcturally simple

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24
Q

Organic compounds:

A

Always contain carbon, hydrogen ; more sturcutrally complex.

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25
Q

pH

A

-most microorganisms grow best in pH ranges neutrality

-Natural buffers help maintain a constant pH in the organism’s micro- enviroment

-fungi prefer more acidic environment

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26
Q

Acidophile-

A

bacterium which grows below pH 4

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27
Q

alkaliphile=

A

organism growing best at high pH

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28
Q

carbs:

A

contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and perform a number of major functions in living systems including cell wall structures in bacterial cells.

-monosacchidrides, diaccharides and polysaccharides

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29
Q

lipids:

A

-essential to the sturcture and function of membranes

-amphipathic property makes them ideal permeability barriers

-in membrane strucutre it’s important to maintain a specific viscosity to provide both support and allow nutrient passage.

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30
Q

Phospholipids contians:

A

-consistent of glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group

polar head = phosphate group + glycerol

non-polar tail= fatty acid tail

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31
Q

Phospholipid membranes

A

-provides a barrier which seperates intracellular contents form the aqueous enviroment

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32
Q

Proteins-

-

A

organic molecules containing C,H,O and N

-specific proteins cna function as enzymes which catalyze bio reactions within the cell, or toxins which may promote disease.

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33
Q

Microbial diversity

A

-diversity evident through differences in cell shape, shape, physiology….

34
Q

How much characteristics of living systems

A

6

35
Q

metabolism-

A

uptake of nutrients from the enviroement, their transformation within the cell and elimination of wastes

36
Q

-reproduction-

A

chemicals from the enviroment are turned into new cells under the direction of pre existing cells

37
Q

-differentiation-

A

formation of new cell structure such as a spore, usually as part of a cellular life cycle.

38
Q

-communication

A

-cells communicate or interact primarily by means of chemicals that are released or taken up

39
Q

-movement-

A

Living organisms are often capable or self propulsion

40
Q

-evolution-

A

cells contain genes and evolove to display new biological properties, phylogentic trees show the evolutionary relationships amongst species.

41
Q

Metabolic diversity

A

-microorganisms can be classified metabolically according to a nutrientional pattern

-baed on energy source:

-

42
Q

-chemotroph

A

-inorganic or organic compounds for energy

43
Q

phototroph

A

-light is primary source

44
Q
A
45
Q
A
46
Q
A
47
Q

Photoautotrophs:

A

-use light for energy carbon dioxide as C source

-photosynthetic bacteria

47
Q

Autotroph

A

=CO2

48
Q

Hetrotroph

A

=organic carbon source

49
Q

Photoheterotrophs:

A

-use light energy and organic C source

-green nonsulfer bacteria, purple nonsulfer bacteria

50
Q

Chemoautotrophs:

A

-use inorganic compounds as an energy source and enviroment carbon dioxide as primary C source

-ammonia, iron and nitrite

51
Q

Chemoheterophs

A

-energy and carbon sources often the same organic compound

-glucose

52
Q

Smallness:

A

-advantages to bring small reflected by the larger surface area relative to cell volume compared to large cells

-the surface area becomes a function of the radius of the phere where:

-S/V=3/r

53
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane

A

-also called inner or plasma membrane

-lies inside cell wall and encloses the cell cytoplasm seperating inside of the cell from the enviroment

-composed primarily of phopholipids and proteins

-phosphopipid bilayer

-peropheral and integral proteins

-arrangement of proteins and photopholipids, called the fluid mosaic model.

-Fosil lipid bilayer

54
Q

Archaeal Membranes:

A

-lipids contain ether linkages rather than ester linkages

-fatty acid side chains replaced by isoprene

-lipid monolayer structure rather than bilayer

55
Q

Membrane function:

A

-forms a selective barrier for materials to enter or exit the cell

-catalysis of speciic reactions occurs on or at the membrane

-site of energy conservation in the cells

56
Q

-passive processes involve movment with a concentration gradient and requring no energy

A

involve movment with a concentration gradient and requring no energy

57
Q

Osmotic pressure-

A

Pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water across the membran

58
Q

actiove processes

A

involve movement against a conc gradient, requiring the expenditure of energy.

59
Q

Active transport processes:

A

-in low nutrient environments, active processes are required

-energy in the form of ATP, proton motive force or high energy compound

-Dependent on transporter proteins in the plasma membrane.

60
Q

Transport proteins:

A

-assist in accumulating solutes inside the cell against a concentration gradient

-Necessary in order for the cell to accumulate nutrient levels higher than those found in nautre

61
Q

Membrane-transporting systems:

A

1-involve only a membrane-spanning component

2-involve a periplasmic binding

3-Involve a series of proteins that cooperate to mediate the transport event

62
Q

sympoter :

A

protein transports a substance along w another substance

63
Q

antipoter :

A

protein transports a substance in one direction and second substance in the opposite direction.

64
Q

Group translocation:

A

-occurs in prokaryotes

-substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane

-altered substance is impeccable to the ell membrane

-acquires substances present in low conc

-requires high energy phosphate compounds

65
Q

ABC syestem:

A

-periplasmic binding protein dependent transport

-proteins within periplasm of gram negative bacteria mediate the transport event

-hydrolysis of ATP supples required energy

-more than 200 different types identified in prokaryotes

66
Q

Bacterial cell Wall Structure

A

adjacent rows of peptidoglycan linked by polypeptide chains containing tetrapeptide side chains

-Parallel tetrapeptide side chains are bonded directly or linked by cross bridges.

67
Q

G+ve cells walls______, whereas, G-ve cell walls otherwise contain ________.

A

also have severals layers of peptidoglycan; thin layers of peptidoglycan and are not as rigid

68
Q

Outer membrane porins

A

-proteins embedded in the OM which serve as channels to allow the passage of essential molecules such as nucleotides, dirracharides, peptides, amino acids

69
Q

-G-ve cell walls contain few layers of peptidoglycan but include an outer membrane peptidoglyan.

A

-G+ve cell walls typically contain several layers of peptidoglycan, G-ve cells walls contain a thin peptidoglycan layer.

70
Q

Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells walls:

A

-G-ve periplasm contains high concentrations of degradative enxymes and transport proteins

-prokaryotic cell walls generally susceptible to the action of lysozyme, which attacks the peptidoglycan backbone, and certain antibiotics such as penicillin.

71
Q

Gram negative outer membrane:

A

-composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins nad phospholipids

72
Q

-outer membrane porins….-

A

-proteins embedded in the Outer membrane which serve as channels to allow passage of essential molecules such as neucleotide

73
Q

Inclusions:

A

reserve deposits found in prokaryotic cells

-include metachromatic granules, polysaccharide grandules, lipid inclusions, sulfer granul

74
Q

Endospores

A

-specialized resting cell produced by certain positive bacteria

-environmentally tolerant to heat low toxic chemicals and radiation

75
Q

Endospore formation

A

-formed within the vegetative cell

-usually initiated by a lack of available nutrients or environmental stress

-spore septum forms initially-isolating replicated chromosome and a portion of the cytoplasm

-septum thickens into a membrane and the forespore is formed.

-Layers of peptidoglycan are laid down after which protein layers form creating a spore coat

-only the most important bits are retained

76
Q

-germinatation=

A

return to the vegetative state as a result of physical or chemical damage to the endospore coat.

77
Q

Characteristics of endospores

A

-1) no means of reproduction

-2) resistant to adverse contiions

-3) compostion and activity different form vegetative cell.

-4 no metabolic activty

-5) low water content

-6) low calcium ions.

78
Q

Glycoclyx:

A

-geleatinous polymer composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide

-can be important virulence factor

79
Q

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A

areimportant outer membrane components of gram-negative bacteria. They are large amphipathic glycoconjugates that typically consist of a lipid domain

80
Q

Gram negative bacteria contains two pairs

A

s of rings in the basal body, outer pair encoded to the cell wall and inner pair anchored to the plasma membrwn

81
Q

-Continpius

A

movement in one direction is called a run or swim which can be interrupted by an abrupt change in direction called a tumble.

BI276 (4 decks)

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