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BI276 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Flagella stain:

A

-the structure requires layers of stain to be built upon it

-important in diagnostics of certain bacterial species.

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2
Q

Taxis

A

-movement of a bacterium toward or away or from a stimulus,
Based on chemo ratio signal’ positive or negative

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3
Q

Chemotaxis-

A

movement towards or away from a chemical

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4
Q

Phototaxis-

A

movement toward or away from light

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5
Q

Magnetotaxis

A

movement toward or away from a magnetic field

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6
Q

Structures external to the cell wall:

A

-typically found on gram-negative bacteria

-hairlike projections; shorter, straighter, thinner than flagella

-consist of protein; Pilin

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7
Q

Fimbriae

A

-occur at bacterial cell poles or evenly distributed over entire cell surface

-few or servers hundred per cell

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8
Q

Pili:

A

Usually longer than fimbrae

-one or two per cell

-function is- where two bacterial cells are joined for the transfer of DNA from one to another

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9
Q

Nutrients-

A

Require substances for growth

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10
Q

-chemically defined:

A

exact chemical composition is known

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11
Q

-undefined:

A

uses digests of animal or plant products, exact composition not entirely known.

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12
Q

Selective medium:

A

contains compounds that selectively inhibit the growth of some microorganisms and inhibit the growth of some microorganisms and not others.

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13
Q

Differential medium:

A

contains specific ingredients or chemicals that allow the observer to visually distinguish which species possess and which species lack a specific biochemical process

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14
Q

Amphibolic pathway-

A

Reaction pathways that utilize roles of both catabolism and anabolism.

Transfer of ATP provides a link between catabolic and anabolic reactions

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15
Q

Recall:

A

chemical composition of a living cell is constantly changing

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16
Q

-DeltaG-ve

A

-exergonic

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17
Q

-DeltaG+ve

A

-exogonic;

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18
Q

Dehydrogenation reactions

A

-a type of oxidation reaction involving the loss of hydrogen atoms.

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19
Q

Oxidative phosphorlaytion

A

-electrons are transferred from organic compounds to one group of electron carriers, then via a series of carrier to oxidized molecules.

-occurs in plasma membrane of prokaryotes

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20
Q

Carb catabolism

A

-breakdown of carb molecules to breakdown molecules

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21
Q

Anaerobic respiration:

A

pseudomonas can use nitrate, desulfovibrio uses sulfate

ATP yield not as high as aerobic process.

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22
Q

Fermentation

A

-alternative pathway

-produces small amounts of ATP

-uses an organic as the final e acceptor

-Does not require oxygen

-releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules

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23
Q

Anaerobic Respiration:

A

-final electron acceptor must be an inorganic compound other than oxygen

-ATP yield not as high as aerobic process

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24
Q

Facultative Anaerobe-

A

can use oxygen when it’s around and function without it.

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25
Q

Obligate Anaerobe-

A

Can’t function is absence of oxygen

26
Q

Latic Acid Fermentation:

A

-following glycolysis pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid

-energy generated remains stored in latic acid

-Lactic is the ending product

-Using pyruvate

27
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

-Following glycoysis reduction of pyruvate leads to formation of acetaldehyde and then ethanol

-Low energy yield as energy is in ethanol

-Heterolatics produce latic acid as well as other alcohols as acids

28
Q

Lipid and Protein Catabolism

A

-Use lipases to break down lipid material to fatty acid and glycerol components

-Krebs cycle will function in oxidation of glycerol and fatty acids

-Where extracellular production of proteases and peptidases break proteins down into amino acid components

29
Q

Bacterial Division:

A

-Bacterial growth results in an increase in cell number via binary fission

-Enormous populations result from doubling growth pattern

29
Q

Bacterial Growth

A

-Needs to graphically represent large populations

-need to determine microbial numbers

-Growth has traditionally been defined as an increases in cell numbers in microbiology

29
Q

Fts proteins interaction results in the formation of a _____.

A

divisome

30
Q

Coccus-shaped bacteria lack MreB,

A

therefore they can’t elongate.

31
Q

-Divisome dictates synthesis of new cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall material in both directions until cell length has double

A
32
Q

New Wall synthesis Involves:

-

A

small opening in the wall are created by autolysins (Autolysins are endogenous lytic enzymes that break down the peptidoglycan components of biological cells which enables the separation of daughter cells) at FtsZ ring point

-New wall material is added across opening assisted by bactoprenol

-Transpeptidation results in formation of new peptide cross-links

33
Q

hydrophobic alcohol that plays a key role in the growth of cell walls (peptidoglycan)

A

bactoprenol

34
Q

Generation Time

A

-Time required for a cell to divide and it’s population to double

-Environmental conditions will influence this and vary.

35
Q

-growth rate-

A

change in cell number or cell mass per unit time

36
Q

Growth of Bacterial populations-

A

-therefore bacterial growth can be represented logarithmically on a graph

-time required for complete growth cycle is variable and dependent on both nutritional and genetic factors

37
Q

Phases of Bacterial Growth

A

-bacterial growth phases can be represented in a batch system using a growth curve

38
Q

four basic phases of growth:

A

Lag, log, stationary and death

39
Q

Cold Environments:

A

-cold-active enzymes have greater amounts of alpha-helix and lesser amounts of beta sheet secondary structure.

40
Q

-cytoplasmic membranes

A

contain higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids. (double bonds)

41
Q

-Freezing temp

A

-may prevent cell growth but do not necesitate cell death.

42
Q

Thermal enviroments:

A

higher temp environments are restricted in nature

-soils in full sunlight may be heated above 50 degrees

-intracellular enzymes and proteins thermostable

-cytoplasmic membrane are richer in-saturated fatty acids to optimize stability and function at even higher temps

43
Q

-hyperthermophiles-

A

archaea have c40 hydrocarbons instead of fatty acids in the membrane.

44
Q

-cytoplasmic membrane are richer in-

A

saturated fatty acids to optimize stability and function at even higher temps

45
Q

Cardinal temp-

A

minmum,max and moderate temperatures

46
Q

Psychrophiles grow best at….

A

grow best in the temperature range of 0–15 °C

47
Q

psychrotrophsthrive in

A

thrive between 4°C and 25 °C.

48
Q

Mesophiles grow best..

A

grow best at moderate temperatures in the range of 20 °C to about 45 °C.

49
Q

Thermophiles and hyperthemophiles

A

are adapted to life at temperatures above 50 °C

50
Q

Buffers

A

are added to microbial culture media to assist in pH stability during growth

51
Q

Intracellular compensating systems if pH is away from the _______.

A

optimum

52
Q

-Ratio of the

A

vapor pressure of the air in equilibrium w a substance or solution to the vapor pressure of pure water.

-Values range from 0 to 1

-Usually cell experience positive water balance.

53
Q

-Xerophiles-

A

capable of growth in very dry environments

54
Q

osmophiles-

A

can grow in the presence of higher sugar concentrations

55
Q

bacteria that are in high sugar concentrations can be

A

Intolerant bacteria may suffer loss of water internally to the external enviroment resulting in plasmolysis.

56
Q

Toxic forms of oxygen:

A

singlet oxygen, superoxide free radicles, peroxide anion, hydroxyl radical.

57
Q

-Tolerant microorganisms

A

require enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD and catalase as well as perooxidase) to neutralize toxic intermediates.

58
Q

-Aerotolerant anerobes:

A

cannot use oxygen for growth but tolerate it’s presence

59
Q

-microaeophiles

A
  • grow only at lower oxygen specific tension but do not require it for growth.
60
Q

nitrogen used to form ________
* sulfur used in ____________
* phosphorus is essential for __________.

A

amino acids; amino acids and vitamins; nucleic acid and synthesis and phospholipid membrane structure

BI276 (4 decks)

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