Week 3

Question 1

Hippocampus, olfactory – 3 layered

Answer 1

Allocortex

Question 2

6 layered
Layer I – 
Layer II , III– 
Layer IV – 
Layer V –
Layer VI –

Answer 2

Isocortex

Layer I – molecular layer, poor in cells
Layer II , III– superficial pyramidal layer
Layer IV – Granular layer
Layer V – Deep pyramidal cells
Layer VI – multiple cell types, polymorphic layer

Question 3

Less regular: 3-5 layers

Answer 3

Mesocortex

Question 4

Oldest: olfactory (lateral pallium)

Answer 4

Paleocortex

Question 5

Next oldest: hippocampus (medial pallium)

Answer 5

Archicortex

Question 6

Newst – isocortex (dorsal pallium)

Answer 6

Neocortex

Question 7

80% of neurons
Projection
Spiny
Pear-shaped soma and single main dendritic w/ basal roulette of processes
Excitatory – use glutamate or aspartate as their primary neurotransmitter

Answer 7

Pyramidal

Question 8

GABAergic interneurons 
Aspiny 
Multipolar or bipolar
Chandelier
Basket – II, III, V
Neuroglia
Bipolar – innervates the more distal dendrites of pyramidal neurons

Answer 8

Non-pyramidal

Question 9

Spiny Stellate cell

Answer 9

Pyramidal but acts like an interneuron (not a projection neuron) in layer IV
Spiny
Excitatory/ glutamate

Question 10

Dominant cortical input

Answer 10

from other cortical neurons

Question 11

Dominant extrinsic cortical input

Answer 11

mostly thalamus but also the brainstem

Question 12

main output layer of cortex

Answer 12

5B - deep layer

Question 13

functional unit of the cortex; pyramidal cell members derived from a single precursor cell in the ventricular zone of the embryonic cerebellar vesicles; radial glia went to layer I and neurons migrated along radial glia to differentiate

Answer 13

Macrocolumns

Question 14

easier to see the 6 layers = homotypic cortex

makes up most of the cortex

Answer 14

association cortex

Question 15

granular vs. agranular

Answer 15

granular - primary sensory cortex

agranular: primary motor cortex

Question 16

Thalami nuclei:

Pulvinar nucleus

Answer 16

parietal and occipital association cortex

Question 17

Thalami nuclei

Lateral posterior nucleus

Answer 17

temporal association cortex

Question 18

Thalami nucleus

medial dorsal nucelus

Answer 18

prefrontal association

Question 19

Apraxia

Answer 19

loss of learned movements

occurs w/ lesion to premotor/ motor association areas

Question 20

intention tremor

Answer 20

tremor as patient touches finger to nose

superior cerebral peduncle tumor (or Wilson’s ot toxicity of sedative/ anti-convulsant drug)

Question 21

hiccups?

Answer 21

myoclonus - sudden rapid muscle twitch

Question 22

Apraxia

Answer 22

loss of learned movements

occurs w/ lesion to premotor/ motor association areas

Question 23

intention tremor

Answer 23

tremor as patient touches finger to nose

superior cerebral peduncle tumor (or Wilson’s ot toxicity of sedative/ anti-convulsant drug)

Question 24

hiccups?

Answer 24

myoclonus - sudden rapid muscle twitch

Question 25

Concsciousness depends on the interaction between?

Answer 25

intact cerebellar hemispheres and the reticular activating system in the upper brainstem (damaged in a coma)

Question 26

Brainstem Tract: Rubrospinal?

Answer 26

Originates in red nucleus flexors increased extensors decreased

Question 27

Pontine reticulocpinal tract

Answer 27

stimulates extensors and flexors (more so extensors)

Question 28

Medullary reticulospinal tract

Answer 28

inhibits extensotrs (more so for extensors)

Question 29

Lateral vestibulospinal

Answer 29

inhibits flexors | increases extensors