Week 2 Flashcards by Lori Shenep

Control of speech motor function, non-fluent aphasia (high in content, but difficult to product)
-inferior frontal gyrus

Broca’s area

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Understanding the written/ spoken language; posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant cerebella hemisphere

Wernicke’s area (receptive language)

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Cerebellum: 2 structures for axial movement and their nuclei

vermis (Fastigial nuclei)

paravermis (globose, emboliform, interpositus nuclei)

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Cerebellum: moves the arms and legs )

Lateral hemispheres (dendate nuclei

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Flocculonodular - action

Maintains balance

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the only output neurons of the cerebellar cortex (synapse on one of the deep nuclei that send out their efferents outside the cerebellum)

Purkinje cells

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Only direct input to the Purkinje cells from outside the cerebellum (from the olivary nuclei)

Climbing Fibers

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Synpase in the cerebellae glomeruli with granule and golgi cells; the granule cell sends input to the purkinje cells

Mossy fibers

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Have an inhibitory effect on the cerebellum

stellate & basket cells

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Cerebellar Peduncles: superior

Ant. Spinocerebellar tract
Acoustic & optic Dentatorubrothalamic tract

Dentrothalamic tract (coordinates limb movement in the limbs ipsilateral to the cerebellar hemisphere of orign)

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Cerebellar Peduncles middle

Pontocerebellar tract

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Cerebellar Peduncles inferior

Vestibulocerebellar tract
Olivocerebellar tract
Posterior cerebellar tract
(from the vermis and flocculonodular lobes)

Cerebellovestibular tract
Cerebelloolivary tract

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Vestibulocerebellum

Coordinates eye, head, neck movements; maintains balance

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Spinocerebellum

Coordinates trunk and proximal limb movements

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Cerebrocerebellum

Coordinates fine motor planning, anticipates sensory consequences of movement, cognitive memory of motor functions

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Functions in control of reflex movements that orient the eyes, head, neck in response to visual, auditory, somatic stimuli
(origin of the tectospinal tract)

Superior colliculus

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PNS to eye –constricts iris

Ciliary muscle, alters lens shape for accommodation

Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal

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Medial geniculate

Thalamic relay nuceli for auditory information

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Lateral geniculate

Thalamic relay nuceli for visual information

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Involved in smooth muscle control

Degenerates in Parkinson’s

Substantia nigra

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Relays nuclei between the cerebellum to the thalamus

Contains the rubrospinal tract (arm flexion is lost if lesion involves the red nucleus

Red Nucleus

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Collection in the pons that receives input from the neocortex and sends crossing fibers through the middle cerebellar peduncle

Pontine Nuceli

Noradrenergic brainstem nucleus involved in mood, sleep/wake cycles

Locus coeruleus

One of several serotonin type nuclei involved in mood, sleep/wake

Raphe nucleus pontis

Inferior/ medial vestibular nuclei

Regulates balance

Nucleus/ tractus solitaries

Sensory nucleus for taste (CN VII), glands, chemo/baroreceptors (IX, X)

PNS motor nucleus to lungs & gut

Dorsal motor nucleus

Origin of the climbing fibers of the cerebellar purkinje cells

Inferior olivary nucleus

Neurons/ axons in the brain stem tagmentum involved in arousal, respiration, heart rate control

Reticular formation

PNS to the eyes, a/w CN III (5 separate muscles – 5 nuclei) – considered separate tho

Edinger-Westphal

defined by its resultant signs and symptoms: ophthalmoplegia, chemosis, proptosis, Horner syndrome, or trigeminal sensory loss. Infectious or noninfectious inflammatory, vascular, traumatic, and neoplastic processes are the principal causes

Cavernous sinus syndrome

travel with the internal carotid artery on their way to the dilator muscles of the pupil through the cavernous sinus

SNS fibers

Movement that is toward midline, aligned with superior oblique contraction will lead to?

Adducted depression

Movement that is away from midline: perpendicular to superior oblique contraction will lead to?

Abduted intorsion

connection between the III (MR) and IV(LR) is called It cause conjugate lateral eye movement, any failure in this will present the visual cortex w/ slightly displaced images: diplopia (abducens nuclei tied to the ventral nucleus of III, under control of?

medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)

Oculocephalic/ doll’s eyes maneuver

eyes will remain in the original line of gaze when the head is rotated left or right= vestibule-ocular reflex (turning head to the right will cause the eyes to shift to the left) – due to the vestibular system; activation of the lateral semicircular canal to signal the right medial vestibular nucleus of CN III

Saccades

fast movements (voluntary or reflexive), under control of frontal eye field

Slow – pursuit movements

under control of POT

Testing both movements

opticokinetic test (OKN) strip (striped fabric): initial slow pursuit and then saccadic snap back

causes right hemiparesis (weakness), and eyes toward paretic side; left frontal cortex lesion causes a loss of the right PPRF input allowing the left PPRF to drive the eyes to the left

left Frontal Cortex lesion

causes right hemiparesis and eyes away from paretic side; lesion of the left pons causes a loss of the left PPRF allowing right PPRF to drive eyes to the right

Left pontine lesion

highest visual acuity area of the retina

Fovea

horizontal gaze center is located in the

paramedian pontine reticular formation | PPRF

vertical gaze center is located in the

midbrain reticular formation and pretectal area

All input for horizontal eye movements will eventually end in t

the abducens nucleus

major branches of an axon

collaterals

3 cranial vagal nuclei 1- Visceral sensory information - taste, baroreceptors, gut distention 2- Motor innervation to the pharynx 3- Sends autonomic fibers to the heart, lungs, GI

PNS: II, VII, IX, X 1- Nucleus solitarius (II, IX, X) 2- Nucleus Amiguus (IX, X) 3- Dorsal motor nucleus

Nerves affected in the cavernous sinus syndrome

III, IV, V1,2, VI

``` Miosis (constriction) nucleus? Ganglion? nerves? Muscles? ```

``` Miosis (constriction) nucleus? Edinger-Westphal nucleus Ganglion? Ciliary ganglion nerves? short ciliary nerves Muscles? pupillary sphincter muscles ```

Mydriasis

hypothalamus to ciliospinal center of Budge (C8-T2) superior cervical ganglion enters orbit as long ciliary nerve to pupilllary dilatory muscle

Nucleus involved in the consensual pupillary light reflex

Pupillary light reflex

``` Mickey mouse face in the midbrain: Ears – Eyes – Nose- Chin- ```

Ears – cerebral peduncles & substantia nigra Eyes – red nuclei Nose- periaqueductal grey and cerebral aqueduct of Sylvia Chin-superior colliculi

OKT tests? contralateral? ipsilateral?

contra- saccades: frontal eye field ipsilateral POT = parietal-occipital-temporal area