Week 3 Flashcards
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Foreign Policy
1 government takes action against foreign government
Diplomacy
where countries negotiate to align interests or prevent conflicts. Diplomatic efforts can encourage cooperation without force.
Incentives
rewards offered by one state to let another one do something. Examples: economic benefits
Economic sanctions
restriction of trade with another country
Propaganda
selective use of information
Realist approach to Foreign Policy
suggest that countries’ strategies are shaped by external factors like geography or power.
Liberal approach to Foreign policy
might look at how domestic institutions and economic systems influence foreign policy
Constructivist approach for Foreign Policy
emphasizes the role of leaders’ beliefs and identities in shaping foreign policy, including perspectives shaped by gender or racial identity.
Covert Operations
Secret operations by 1 goverment against another
Cyber operations
Use or manipulation of information on the internet to advance foreign policy interests
Coercive diplomacy
wanting states to do something and using threats to get them there (for example: economic sanctions, propaganda).
Foreign policy at the individual level of analysis
National leaders play major role in shaping public attitude towards foreign policy. National leaders may be influenced by : their earlier lives, personalities, beliefs
Foreign policy at the state level of analysis
FP influenced by the political, social and economic position of it’s country, it’s internal structure
Foreign policy at the international level of analysis
Considers external forces like geography, economic power, and relative military strength that push countries to act in specific ways
Bureaucratic politics
Possible influence on a country’s strategy, characterised by national leaders and their subordinates seeking to influence each other
Rally around the flag effect
Boost in popularity of a leader due to conflict/war
Foreign affairs media
Individuals/organisations who report on FP in some form of media
Framing
The contect in which information is given
Interest groups
individuals/organizations that share the same interests
Lobbying
meeting/speaking with people trying to win them over for your case
Persuasive instruments
Diplomacy prime example, encourages cooperation without force
Coercive instruments
Military force or economic sanctions
Change in foreign policy at individual level
Change of leader’s opinion or change of leader altogether
Change in foreign policy at state level
Dramatic changes in domestic political regime or political effects of non-govermental organizations
Change in foreign policy at international level
External shocks (pandemic)
International Law
Rules that stipulate rights & obligations of states
Treaties
A formal agreement between 2 or more states
Statutory international law
Written laws that are agreed upon by participating states. Example: WTO treaty
Customary international Law
Set of unwritten laws
International organization
Formal body/association established by 2 or more states
International institutions
Sets of rules, principles & expectations that govern interstate interaction
Liberal explanation for International Law
IL important for world politics as it coordinates state behaviour. IL can be beneficial for multiple states
Prisoners Dillema
Mix interest dillema. That illustrates both the value of cooperation and the diffculty of obtaining it.
Conditional cooperation
Tit for tat, each partner cooperates as long as the other partner does the same
Realism explanation for International Law
IL serves the purpose of the most powerful. Most powerful makes up rules of “the game”
Constructivism explanation for International Law
Focuses on how international laws reflect global norms and shared values, which shape state identities and influence behavior. Constructivists argue that norms around issues like human rights become ingrained in international law, affecting state actions.
Marxist explanation for international Law
Views international law as a means by which wealthy states secure their economic interests, often at the expense of weaker, poorer states. Marxists believe these laws support global capitalism, protecting the interests of rich
Neocolonialism
Former colonies might be politically independent but still are economically dependant on other countries
Race to the bottom
MNC’s threathening to leave developing countries in environmental/labour laws are changed –> taking their business to other countries= together in a race to the bottom
