Week 3 Flashcards
Ethics and social justice in research
Societal Ethics
Normative basis for ethical behaviour through the legal and regulatory systems (eg. criminal law)
Organizaitonal ethics
priniciples and values that guide the actions by members or an organization (eg. financial policies in investment banking
Professional ethics
Ethical standards and expectaiton for a particular profession that is help in a privliged role in society (eg. CNO professional code of conduct)
bioethics
relates to ethics within biological sciences, emergiing technologies and policies, spesifically relates to a specialized feild within bioethics that examines ethical conduct of research ethics with humans and animals
Personal ethics
one’s personal ethical foundations and values that are shaped and intersect with other catagories of ethics but given this intersection, there is a risk for potential confilct. Personal ethics as others may evolve over time.
Ethical dilemmas
An ethical dilemma involves a proble where in order to do something “right” you have to do “wrong”
Ethical delimmas in clinical practice
-In clinical practice it can be useful to use a framework when faced with ethical clinical dilemmas; eg. medical indications, patient references, quality of life, and contextual factors. This suppourts asking “good” ethical questions:
-Do I have the duty to tell the truth?
-What is the greater harm?
-To whom is my primary loyalty?
-What is the best intrest of my patient?
What is social justice? (briticanna definition)
“the fair treatment and equitable status of all individuals and social groups within ia state or society. The term also refers to social, political, and economic instituions, laws, or policies that collectively afford such fairness and equity and is commonly applied to movements that seek fairness, equity, inclusion, self-determination, or other goals for currently or historically oppressed, exploited, or marginalized populations”
The Canada Health act primary objective
“to protect, promote, and restore the physical and mental well-being of residents of canada and to facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers”
The aim of health research
-to improve the quality of care, it helps us to understand what works, what dosent work, and why
-Most effective treatments
-Identifacation of risk factors
-Ways to prevent ill health
-Best ways to provide patient-centred care
How did research ethics come about
Wihlst medical ethics have been about for some time, formal research ethics came to be as a result of unethical medical practices
-Nuremberg trials 1946
Nuremberg code 1948 (10 points)
-Infromed, continous concent
-Research fro good of society
-Benefits of the research need to outweigh risks
-Participant saftey and wellbeing is more impoartant than research
declaration of Helsinki 1964
-Research with humans should be based on the results from laboratory and animal experimentaiton
-Research protocols shoudl be reviewed byan independant comittee prior to initiation
-Informed concent from research participants is necessary
-research should be conducted by medically/scientifically qualified individuals
-Risks should not exceed benefits
Led to belmont report 1976
-Investigators must respect the autonomy of research participants
-Beneficence (doing good) Should underlie the conduct of all human research
-Injustiec to humans in research is also an ethical transgression
Research ethics developments in canada
-1978 introduction of first ethics board: MRC Canada and SSHRC issue guidelines based on belmont report
-1987 MRC revise guidelines, SSHRC remain, NSERC none
-1995 MRC, NSERC, SSHRC release tri-council guidelines (most recent update 2018)
