Week 1 Flashcards
Intro and overview of course concepts
Types of Evidence (2)
Primary evidence: original, empirical, qualitative or quantatative data and evidence that is collected during research studies
Secondary Evidence: Pubilshed research (based on primary data) that is aggregated in systematic reviews, clinical guidelines or evidence summaries
What is Rigour?
The process with which we ensure quality standards are upheld during the research process
Rigour attributes differ depending on the paradigm of research
Attributes of Rigour in qualitative research
-Transparency of research process, sometimes refered to as reliability
-transferability of finsings to other contexts
-Credability of findings
-Reflexivity of researchers
Quality of evidence in order
-Meta analyses
-Systematic reviews
-Critically appraised literature
-Evidence based practice guidelines
-Randomized Controll Trials
-Non-Randomized controll trials
-Cohort studies
-Case series of studies
-Individual case reports
-Background information, expert opinion, non-ebm guidelines
The 5 Steps of evidence based practice
1: Ask a question
2: FInd best evidence
3: Evaluate Evidence
4: Apply infromation in combination with clinical experience and patient values
5: Evaluate outcomes
what are qualitative data
a type of data that is collected and analyzed in a non-numerical form, such as words, images, or observations. It is generally used to gain an in-depth understanding of complex phenomanea, such as human behavior, attitudes, and beliefs
Subjectivism
Knowledge is merely subjective and there is no external or objective truth, individual experience is truth. There is no ‘one’ truth to be discovered, truths are experienced and/or constructed
Objectivism
‘Things’ exists as meaningful entities independantly of consciousness and experience, concerned with ‘objective truth’ which can be attained through empirical research.
Paradigm
Is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to the feild
Paradigm depends on
-beliefs (or ‘commitments’) about the nature of the world (what kind of things exist in the world, and that is their nature?), and so the nature of the phenomena studied in research; (ontology: framework of how to share knowledge)
-beliefs about the nature and status of human knowledge, and so how we might come to hold knowledge (epistemology: study of knowledge and how to reach it)
Positivitsim
-A philisophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capeable of logical or mathamatical proof
-Assumes that there is one truth and asserts that all authentic knowledge allows verification;
-Phenomena have independent existence which can be discovered via research
-Positivist attempt to identify causes, associations and correlations which influence outcomes
-deductive approach
-Assumes research is value free
Constructivism and interpretivism
-Aims to understand and explain human and social reality, focuses on interpreting the social life world within its cultural context
-Knowledge and meanignful reality are constructed in adn out of interaction between humans adn thier world
-Inductive approach
-Individual constructs are elicited and understood through interaction between researchers and participants with particiapants being relied on as much as possible
-Produces highly contextualized qualitative data
Research questions that require qualitative approaches
-The questions that cannot be anwsered using yes or no
-Questions about perspectives & experiences. But watch out for surveys!
-Questions that start with how/why
Methodologies
A methodology is a framework that guides the entire research project and process
-grounded theory
-Phenomenology
-Ethnography
Methods (data Collection)
-Interviews
-Focus Groups
-Observations
-Images
-Documents
