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week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

value useful to determine cause of acid/base imbalance

A

anion gap

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2
Q

increased intracranial pressure could occur with respiratory ___

A

acidosis

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3
Q

chronic alcohol abuse is the most common cause for ____

A

hypomagnesemia

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4
Q

calcium concentration in the blood is regulated by the ___ ____

A

parathyroid hormone

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5
Q

patients with hyperkalemia should avoid ___ ____

A

salt substitutes

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6
Q

most common cause of hypercalcemia is ___ & ___

A

malignancies & hyperthyroidism

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7
Q

oncotic pressure is osmotic pressure exerted by ____

A

proteins

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8
Q

major anion (-) electrolyte

A

chloride

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9
Q

3 cations (+)

A

potassium
sodium
calcium

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10
Q

calcium & ____ have an inverse relationship

A

phosphorus

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11
Q

sodium (Na+)

A

135-145

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12
Q

Potassium (K+)

A

3.5-5

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13
Q

Calcium (Ca+)

A

8.5-10.5

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14
Q

chloride (Cl-)

A

96-108

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15
Q

Magnesium (Mg+)

A

1.3-3

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16
Q

Phosphorus(P)

A

2.5-4.5

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17
Q

Chloride moves where ____ does

A

sodium

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18
Q

causes of hyponatremia

A

deficient aldosterone
antidepressants
desmopressin
SIADH

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19
Q

Hyponatremia: clinical manifestations

A

depressed and deflated:
poor skin turgor
dry mucous membranes
decreased salvation
anorexia and abd cramping
ortho hypo
increases ICP

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20
Q

Hyponatremia: nursing management

A

I/O
daily weights
mental status assess
fluid restriction
lab values
fall/seizure precautions

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21
Q

Hypernatremia: Clinical manifestations

A

Big and bloated:
thirst
increased temp
tachy
hypotension
change in mental status-disorientation
irritability, restlessness
decreased DTR
seizures
n/v
anorexia

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22
Q

Hypernatremia: Nursing management

A

I/O
LOC
fall/seizure precautions
neuros
PO water

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23
Q

____ drives K+ into cells

A

insulin

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24
Q

Hypokalemia: Actual causes

A

diuretics
GI tract loss
corticosteroids

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25
Q

Hypokalemia: relative causes

A

alkalosis, TPN, water intox, hyperinsulinism

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26
Q

Hypokalemia: clinical manifestations

A

low and slow:

hypotension
cardiac arrest
respiratory depression
fatigue
anorexia
muscle weakness, cramps, parathesias
decreased gastric motility
abd distension
metabolic alkalosis

Flattened T wave, prominent U wave
ST depression, prolonged PR interval

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27
Q

determine loss of K source- ____ toxicity?

A

digoxin

28
Q

Hyperkalemia: relative causes

A

acidosis,
tissue damage- cells burst and release K+
decreased insulin production

60% caused by meds

29
Q

Hyperkalemia: Clinical manifestations

A

tachy then late bradycardia (late sign)
abd cramps/ distension
hyperactive bowel sounds
anxiety/irritability

TALL tented t-waves
prolonged PR interval & QRS duration
absent p waves
ST-depression (late sign)

30
Q

Hyperkalemia: last resort medical management

A

dialysis

31
Q

Hyperkalemia: Medical management

A

sodium polystyrene (kayexalate)
calcium gluconate (protects heart)
sodium bicarbonate
loop diuretics
insulin/dextrose
albuterol (drives K+ into cell)

32
Q

Calcium assists with ____ ____

A

blood clotting

33
Q

If calcium is elevated—> calcitonin released —> bones ___ Ca+

A

absorb

34
Q

If calcium is decreased—> PTH released—> bones ___ Ca+

A

release

35
Q

Hypocalcemia: value

A

<8.5

36
Q

Hypocalcemia: Causes

A

hypoparathyroidism
kidney injury
alkalosis

37
Q

Hypocalcemia: Clinical manifestations

A

tetany
hyperactive DTRs
numbness
trousseau/chvostek sign
seizures
abnormal clotting
anxiety
dyspnea/laryngospasms

Prolonged QT interval
lengthened ST segment

38
Q

Will have positive Trousseau/Chvostek sign

A

hyperphosphatemia
hypomagnesemia
hypocalcemia

39
Q

Hypercalcemia: serum level

A

> 10.5 (rare)

40
Q

Hypercalcemia: Clinical manifestations

A

polyuria
thirst
muscle weakness
intractable nausea
abd cramps
constipation
diarrhea
peptic ulcer
bone pain

Shortened ST segment and QT interval
bradycardia and heart blocks

41
Q

Hypercalcemia: management

A

furosemide,
phosphates
calcitonin
increase mobility

42
Q

Hypomagnesemia: serum level

A

<1.3

43
Q

Hypomagnesemia: patho

A

alcoholism
GI losses

44
Q

Hypomagnesemia: Manifestations

A

Chvostek/Trousseau signs
apathy
depressed mood
psychosis
muscle weakness
tremors
increased tendon reflexes
diarrhea
nystagmus

flat or inverted t waves
depressed ST segment
widened QRS
prolonged PR interval

45
Q

Hypomagnesemia: management

A

monitor for dysphagia
seizure precautions
EKG
avoid osmotics & loop diuretics

46
Q

Hypermagnesemia: serum level

A

> 3.0 (rarest)

47
Q

Hypermagnesemia: patho

A

dka

48
Q

Hypermagnesemia: manifestations

A

hypoactive reflexes
drowsiness
muscle weakness
depressed respirations

prolonged PR and QRS
peaked t waves
CARDIAC ARREST

49
Q

direct antidote for mag toxicity

A

calcium gluconate

50
Q

Hypophosphatemia: serum level

A

<2.5

51
Q

Hypophosphatemia: patho

A

alcoholism
respiratory alkalosis
dka
hyperparathyroidism

52
Q

Hypophosphatemia: manifestations

A

nystagmus
confusion
muscle weakness
muscle/bone pain
increased risk for infection

53
Q

Foods to encourage with Hypophosphatemia

A

milk
fish/poultry
whole grains
soda

54
Q

Hyperphosphatemia: serum level

A

> 4.5

55
Q

Hyperphosphatemia: causes

A

acidosis
chemo
hypoparathyroidism

56
Q

Hyperphosphatemia: manifestations

A

tetany

57
Q

Hyperphosphatemia: management

A

calcium-binding antacids (while eating)

avoid: hard cheese, sardines, meat, dried fruit

58
Q

hypochloremia: serum level

A

<96

59
Q

hypochloremia: manifestations

A

agitation/irritability
weakness
seizures/coma

60
Q

hypochloremia: causes

A

dka
metabolic alkalosis
fever, burns, excessive sweating

61
Q

hyperchloremia: serum level

A

> 108

62
Q

hyperchloremia: causes

A

head injury
hypernatremia
dehydration/diarrhea
respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis

63
Q

hyperchloremia: manifestations

A

tachypnea
lethargy, weakness
HTN
cognitive changes

64
Q

The sodium potassium pump transports ___ into the ECF

A

Na

65
Q

the sodium potassium pump contributes to creating ___ transmission and maintaining ___ level in the ICF

A

electrical; K+

331 (7 decks)

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