Week 3 Flashcards
Dental/labiodental
The /t/ in ‘eighth’ is dental instead of alveolar due to coarticulation. We transcribe that this sound is dental with the diacritic…
Retraction
When a sound is produced with a POA further back in the mouth than most allophones of that phoneme [ _ ].
Alveolars before post-alveolars;
Velars before back vowels.
Advancement
Velar sounds can be produced at a POA further forward in the mouth. We use the diacritic [+]. Velar sounds are advanced before front vowels.
Primary articulation
Primary articulation refers either to where or how the vocal tract is narrowed or blocked to produce a consonant, or to the tongue contour, lip shape, and larynx height that determine the sound of a vowel.
Lips, teeth, mouth, tongue and larynx.
Secondary articulation
Does not relate to location, but an extra, secondary, constriction is added in the vocal tract. Variations of this kind are secondary articulation of place.
E.g. palatalization, velarization, labialization, glottalization
Labialisation
Technical term for lip-rounding ([u]-like articulation. Any consonant can be labialised before rounded vowels or before /w/ and /r/. Diacritic is the little w.
Labialisation does not affect the primary articulation of the sound, but adds another constriction.
Another way of describing this would be to say that the vowel articulation begins at the same time as the consonant articulation.
Palatalisation
Involves adding a [i]-like articulation. Adds a secondary articulation at the lips, but at the palatal region. We use the little j. Any non-velar sound is palatalised before /j/.
• Palatalisation of velars results in fronting of the primary articulation.
Velarisation
Applies primarily to /l/ in English, but only occurs in certain environments. Another name for a velarised /l/ is a dark /l/, and we can use [Y] or [ł].
For /l/ in coda and any consonant preceding the /l/.
- Non-velarised /l/s are called clear.
Glottal reinforcement (or glottalisation)
It is possible to produce a glottal plosive at the same time as the oral closure for the voiceless plosives /p t k/, when they occur at the end.
Dental allophones and why would they be realised as dental?
Dental allophones [ n l t d ] occur before a dental fricatives (0 and Ò), tenth, panther, wealth, read this. Alveolar allophones occur elsewhere.
Because /0 and Ò/ are dental themselves. This makes the change from /n l t d/ to [n l t d] an example of assimilation (specifically, place assimilation).
- with the little bed underneath.
Example of assimilation
The change from /n l t d/ to [n l t d] is an example of assimilation (specifically, place assimilation). Assimilation makes a sound more like another sound.
- Assimilation
- Progressive assimilation
- Regressive assimilation,
- Optional assimilation
- Partial assimilation
Assimilation makes a sound more similar to another sound. The affected sound takes on one or more phonetic form of a neighbouring sound. An example is /t/ in ‘eighth’, which becomes similar to the /0/ sound.
There is also progressive assimilation, which occurs when the suffix takes on the voicing of the last sound of the singular form (light>lights, block>blocks, cliff>cliffs).
Regressive assimilation (right to left) is when the alveolar consonants takes on the dental place of the following suffix (ten>tenth, heal>health).
/m n/ undergo optional place assimilation to labiodental fricatives, creating the labiodental allophone [m]*. This often depends on speech rate (pace) and register (formal). For example see PP1.
Partial assimilation is much like co-articulation, in that it affects only part of a sound, while assimilation affects entire sounds.
English /l/
Clear [l] occurs in syllable onsets (lip, bleach, believe), unless it’s preceded by a voiceless stop (when devoiced [l°] is found instead; play, clue, applaud).
Dark /l/
The /l/ allophone in coda position is called dark /l/. It has an alveolar closure that’s accompanied by raising of the back of the tongue, which creates a lower resonance.
This raising of the back of the tongue (PP2) is called velarisation. It’s a secondary articulation that accompanies the primary alveolar articulation.
• full
• filter
Three stages in the articulation of consonants. Consider the /t/ in the word ‘eighty’.
- Approach stage; the active articular moves towards the passive articulator (tip of tongue to alveolar ridge).
- Hold stage; the active articulator is in contact with the passive articulator (in stops, the airstream is blocked).
- Release stage; the active articulator moves away from the passive articulator (in stops, closure is released).
