Allophones Flashcards
Devoicing of obstruents
[°]
Next to silent or voiceless sounds.
[g°euld].
Devoicing of approximants
[°]
In a cluster after /ptk/ at the start of a stressed syllable.
[l°] when preceded by a voiceless stop at the start of a stressed syllable (play, clue).
Aspiration
[ʰ], when voiceless plosives /ptk/ occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
But not when the onset has an /s/ in a stressed syllable (spin).
Unaspiration
[=] /spin/
When the onset has an /s/ in a stressed syllable.
Voicing of /h/
[H], /h/ can be voiced when in between vowels (behind, ahead).
Retraction of velars
[ _ ], velars before back vowels.
/ka:/ car
Advancement of velars
[+], velars before front vowels as in /k ̟ei ̟k/.
Retraction of alveolars
[ _ ]
/t/ /l/ and/d/ are retracted before post-alveolars /ʒ ʃ ɹ r/
Dental realisations of alveolars
[ ̪ ] before dentals
‘teņ0’
Velarisation
[¥], for /l/ in coda and any consonant preceding the /l/.
E.g: [bat¥l¥] (bottle).
Opposite is clear /l/.
Labialisation
[w], lip rounding, before rounded vowels, but also /w/.
Palatalisation
[j], any non-velar sounds before front vowels and /j/.
[kempjʲ uta]
Nasalisation
[~]
Up to two segments before and one after a nasal (as long as no obstruent intervenes).
Nasal approach/release
[n]
Release: /hidn’/
Approach: /lim’be/
Lateral approach/release of /t d/
[l]
Release: [lɪt’l]
Approach: [wɪl’t]
Ejective release
[‘] voiceless plosives can sometimes have an ejection release before a pause.
[kwɪk’]
Narrow release
Little [ s z 0 Ò ] etc. Before a homorganic fricative.
Inaudible release
[-|] release of a plosive cannot be heard.
- Optionally before a pause.
- Before a heterorganic plosive.
- Before a heterorganic fricative.
-
1. When plosives occur before a plosive.
2. When plosives occur before fricatives.
3. At the end of words, but this only happens when the plosives occur before a pause, not if another word follows.
Unreleased
[°]
Before a homorganic plosive.
Pre-fortis clipping
[â] sounds are shorter when they come before a voiceless consonant in the same syllable.
Labiodental realisations of bilabials
Before labiodentals.
/pbm/ before /fv/ and /ntld/ before fricatives.
