Allophones

Question 1

Devoicing of obstruents

Answer 1

[°]

Next to silence or voiceless sounds.
[g°euld].

Question 2

Devoicing of approximants

Answer 2

[°]

In a cluster after /ptk/ at the start of a stressed syllable.

[l°] when preceded by a voiceless stop at the start of a stressed syllable (play, clue).

Question 3

Aspiration

Answer 3

[ʰ], when voiceless plosives /ptk/ occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable.

But not when the onset has an /s/ in a stressed syllable (spin).

Question 4

Unaspiration

Answer 4

[=] /spin/

When the onset has an /s/ in a stressed syllable.

Question 5

Voicing of /h/

Answer 5

[H], /h/ can be voiced when in between vowels (behind, ahead).

Question 6

Retraction of velars

Answer 6

[ _ ], velars before back vowels.

/ka:/ car

Question 7

Advancement of velars

Answer 7

[+], velars before front vowels as in /k+ei+k/.

Question 8

Retraction of alveolars

Answer 8

[ _ ]

/t/ /l/ and/d/ are retracted before post-alveolars /ʒ ʃ ɹ r/

Question 9

Dental realisations of alveolars

Answer 9

[ ,-, ] before dentals

‘teņ0’

Question 10

Velarisation

Answer 10

[¥], for /l/ in coda and any consonant preceding the /l/.

E.g: [bat¥l¥] (bottle).

Opposite is clear /l/.

Question 11

Labialisation

Answer 11

[w], lip rounding, before rounded vowels, but also /w/.

Question 12

Palatalisation

Answer 12

[j], any non-velar sounds before front vowels and /j/.

[kempjjuta]

Question 13

Nasalisation

Answer 13

[~]

Up to two segments before and one after a nasal (as long as no obstruent intervenes).

Question 14

Nasal approach/release

Answer 14

[n]

Release: /hidn’/
Approach: /lim’be/

Question 15

Lateral approach/release of /t d/

Answer 15

[l]

Release: [lɪt’l]
Approach: [wɪl’t]

Question 16

Ejective release

Answer 16

[‘] voiceless plosives can sometimes have an ejection release before a pause.

[kwɪk’]

Question 17

Narrow release

Answer 17

Little [ s z 0 Ò ] etc. Before a homorganic fricative.

Question 18

Inaudible release

Answer 18

[-|] release of a plosive cannot be heard.

1. Optionally before a pause.
2. Before a heterorganic plosive.
3. Before a heterorganic fricative.

-
1. When plosives occur before a plosive.
2. When plosives occur before fricatives.
3. At the end of words, but this only happens when the plosives occur before a pause, not if another word follows.

Question 19

Unreleased

Answer 19

[°]

Before a homorganic plosive.

Question 20

Pre-fortis clipping

Answer 20

[â] sounds are shorter when they come before a voiceless consonant in the same syllable.

Question 21

Labiodental realisations of bilabials

Answer 21

Before labiodentals.

/pbm/ before /fv/ and /ntld/ before fricatives.