Week 3 Flashcards
People’s way of life
Culture
Cannot be simply broken down into a set of attributes
culture
actions of individuals are routinized and institutionalized in context like family, church, school, and government.
conformity
similarities in words and actions which can be directly observed
explicit
exists in abstract forms which are not quite obvious
implicit
two types of culture
material and non-material
examples of material and non-material culture
Material: technology, food, fashion
Non-material: ideas, behavior, gesture, habit, religion
Perception of accepted reality. Reality maybe material or non-material.
Belief
Refers to any information that is perceived as true.
Knowledge
established expectations of society as to how a person is supposed to act depending on time, place or situation.
Social norms
patterns of repetitive behavior which becomes habitual and conventional part of living
folkways
set of ethical standards
mores
anything relatively worthy, important, desirable or valuable
values
practical application of knowledge.
technology
etymology of ethnocentrism
“ethno” people (Greek); “centric” center (Latin)
Encourages solidarity, believing that one’s ways are the best
ethnocentrism
Hinders the cooperation and understanding between groups
ethnocentrism
Conflict, often leads to social change
ethnocentrism
preference of the foreign; exact opposite of ethnocentrism
xenocentrism
fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange
xenophobia
underscores the idea that the culture in every society should be understood and regarded on its own terms.
cultural relativism
culture have tangible and intangible components. Tangible ones are those that are produced and created based on specific and practical purposes and aesthetic values. Intangible may be associated with events, historical sites but not limited the houses of heroes and historical personalities.
cultural heritage
produced and created based on specific and practical purposes and aesthetic values.
tangible culture
associated with events, historical sites but not limited the houses of heroes and historical personalities.
intangible culture
“Nothing more than a means of rising in the world”
Samuel Johnson
The systematic organization of hatred
Henry Adams
Cradle of democratic government; Affairs of the polis; What concerns the state
Art of Government
“Politics is not science, but an art”
Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck
“Authoritative allocation of values”
David Easton
“Despotic power is always accompanied by corruption of morality.” “Authority that does not exist for Liberty is not authority but force.”
John Emerich E. Dalberg Acton
Political and non-political coincides
Public realm and private realm conform to the division between the state and civil society.
Apparatus of the state
Politics is restricted to the activities of the state.
Public Affairs
state apparatus of government
public
civil society, autonomous bodies, businesses, trade union, clubs, families, etc. personal realm, family, and domestic life
private
Politics seen as particular means of resolving conflict Politics is certainly no utopian solution
As compromise and consensus
When social groups and interests possess power, they must be conciliated, they cannot be crushed.
Bernard Crick
The broadest and the most radical definition of politics
Power
ability to achieve a desired outcome through whatever means.
Power
Political power as merely the organized power of one class for oppressing the other.
Karl Marx
Concerned with the concepts and arguments involved in political opinion.
Political Philosophy
Deals with normative questions.
a. Why should I obey the state?
b. How should rewards be distributed?
c. What should the limits of individual freedom be?
Political Philosophy
The Code of Hammurabi: Hammurabi as a representative of God on Earth
Chandragupta Maurya: set of Machiavellian precepts on how to survive under an arbitrary power
Confucius: a code of conduct designed to stabilize society
Antiquity
The first elaborate work of European political philosophy
Plato
was a scientist rather than a prophet; he analyzes society as if he were a doctor and prescribes remedies for its ills.
Aristotle
focuses on the observation and explanation of political phenomena and involves formulating and testing hypotheses through experimentation.
Empirical Approach
focuses on what ought to be and explores the values and ideals of a political system
Normative Political Theory
After formulating a hypothesis, a study will be designed to test the hypothesis. Let’s look at an example.
Empirical Theory
proponent of limited government. He uses a theory of natural rights to argue that governments have obligations to their citizens
John Locke
even with the perspective of the past, humanity cannot dictate future events
David Hume
political scientists approach their study in an objective, rational, and systematic manner.
Scientific Approach
The processes of historical change are reflection of the economic development of society
History was story of class conflict generated by economic modernization, not the story of the rise and fall of city states, empires and nation states, Capitalism prospered in the 19th century.
Argued that capitalism which involves market exchanges, labor as commodity and the factors of production held in private hands produced political and social results.
Karl Marx
draws heavily upon the example of economic theory in building up models based upon procedural rules
Formal Political Theory
general idea about something usually expressed in a single word or a phrase.
concepts
schematic representations of reality or of one’s view of a possible world, constructed to improve one’s understanding about the world and/or to make predictions
models
a proposition; it offers systematic explanation of a body of empirical data
theory
usually about the rationally self-interested behavior of the individuals involved.
Rational Choice Theory
