Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NEUROANATOMY > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glutamate

A

Most common excitatory neurotransmitter, active throughout the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Histamine

A

Neuromodulatory function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

GABA and glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GABA

A

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter, found in and acts throughout the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glycine

A

Found in the spinal cord and acts on the spinal cord and brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Location of Dopamine Neuromodulation

A

Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Location of Serotonin Neuromodulation

A

Raphe nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Location of Histamine Neuromodulation

A

Hypothalamus and reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Location of Norepinephrine Neuromodulation

A

Sympathetic ganglia and locus ceruleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Location of Neuropeptide Neuromodulation

A

Entire CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Location of Acetylcholine Neuromodulation

A

Small areas of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acetylcholine Areas of Neurotransmission

A

Neuromuscular junctions, preganglionic autonomic synapses, postganglionic parasympathetic synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Upper Motor Neurons

A

Carry motor output from the cerebral cortex and brainstem to lower motor neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

Cell bodies in the brainstem or spinal cord that innervate muscles in the periphery, either Alpha Motor Neurons, Gamma Motor Neurons, or Beta Motor Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Alpha Motor Neuron

A

Large cell bodies with axons that innervate skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gamma Motor Neuron

A

Calls with a small axon diameter that innervate muscle spindles to help control stretch reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Lesion

A

Muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, decreased tone, hyporeflexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Lesion

A

Increased tone, hyperreflexia, muscle weakness, abnormal reflexes, may present like a lower motor neuron lesion at first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lateral Motor Pathway Controls…

A

Appendicular Muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Medial Motor Pathway Controls…

A

Axial, girdle, and posture muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lateral Cortical Motor Pathways

A

Lateral corticospinal and corticobulbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Medial Cortical Motor Pathways

A

Ventral Corticospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lateral Brainstem Motor Pathways

A

Rubrospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Medial Brainstem Motor Pathways
Vestibulospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal
26
Lateral Corticospinal Tract Functions
Rapid muscle movements, especially at the joints of the limbs
27
Lateral Corticospinal Tract Steps
1. Primary motor cortex of Precentral Gyrus in cortical layer 5. 2. Corona radiata through internal capsule. 3. Cerebral peduncles of midbrain, then middle third of crus cerebri, then ventral pons. 4. Pyramids in ventral medulla. 5. Pyramidal decussation in caudal medulla. 6. Lateral funiculus of spinal cord to synapse on LMNs of ventral horn
28
Corticobulbar Tract Functions
Movement of face, tongue, jaw, laryngeal, and pharyngeal muscles, NOT extraocular muscles
29
Corticobulbar Tract Path
1. Precentral gyrus through genu of internal capsule. 2. Through brainstem to many nuclei
30
Corticobulbar Tract Destinations Through and In Brainstem
Facial Motor Nucleus, Trigeminal Motor Nucleus, Nucleus Ambiguus, and Hypoglossal Nucleus
31
Corticobulbar Projections to Trigeminal Motor Nucleus
Midpons with bilateral projections
32
Corticobulbar Projections to Nucleus Ambiguus
Bilateral projections, rostral medulla, laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles
33
Corticobulbar Projections to Facial Motor Nucleus
Bilateral projections to the portion of the nucleus that controls the upper face, contralateral to the lower face
34
Corticobulbar Projections to Hypoglossal Nucleus
Rostral dorsal medulla, most often bilateral projections
35
Corticobulbar Projections to Spinal Accessory Nucleus
Caudal Medulla, Bilateral asymmetric projections
36
Somatotopic Organization of Motor Pathways From Top to Bottom of Cortex
Knee, trunk, shoulder, arm, elbow, wrist, fingers, thumb, neck, brow, eye, face, lips, jaw, tongue, pharynx
37
Somatotopic Organization of Motor Pathways Anterior to Posterior of Internal Capsule
Face, arm, trunk, leg
38
Somatotopic Organization of Motor Tracts Dorsal to Ventral on Midbrain
Leg, trunk, arm, face
39
Somatotopic Organization of Motor Tracts Dorsal to Ventral Spinal Cord
Leg, trunk, arm, CONTRALATERAL trunk again
40
Rubrospinal Tract Steps
1. Red nucleus. 2. Decussation in midbrain and descent through dorsolateral pons and medulla. 3. Lateral funiculus of spinal cord and synapse in the ventral horn of cervical cord
41
Ventral Corticospinal Tract Function
Control of biaxial and girdle muscles
42
Ventral Corticospinal Tract Steps
1. Lateral corticospinal tract to pyramidal decussation. 2. Descent through ventral funiculus of cord. 3. Some axons cross before synapsing on the lower motor neurons and interneurons of ventral horn and intermediate zone respectively
43
Vestibulospinal Tract Initial Steps
1. Medial and lateral vestibular nuclei of rostral medulla and pons, respectively. 2. Descent as vestibulospinal tracts
44
Membrane Potential Formula
Charge inside the cell-charge outside the cell
45
Standard Resting Membrane Potential
-65mV
46
Equilibrium Potential of Na+
+60mV
47
Equilibrium Potential of K+
-85mV
48
Equilibrium Potential of Cl-
-65mV
49
Excitatory Neurotransmitters Stimulate Release of What Ion
Na+
50
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters Stimulate Release of What Ion
Cl-
51
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract Steps
1. Descent through ipsilateral ventral funiculus. 2. Synapse to ventral horn LMNs and interneurons at all spinal levels
52
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract Steps
1. Descent bilaterally to superior levels of cervical spinal cord. 2. Controls head positions related to eye positions
53
Tectospinal Tract Steps
1. Deep Layers of superior colliculus. 2. Inferior to cerebral spinal segments. 3. Controls eye and head movements
54
Reticulospinal Tract Steps
1. Pontine reticular formations. 2. Descent through ventral funiculus ipsilaterally but exerts bilateral control of automatic movements like walking on uneven terrain
55
Spinal Cord Interneuron Types
Segmental, Commissural, Propriospinal
56
Segmental Spinal Cord Interneurons
Short axons that distribute branches ipsilaterally within a single spinal segment that synapse on motor neurons and other interneurons, receives convergent input from somatic sensory receptors for reflex control of movement
57
Commissural Spinal Cord Interneurons
Distribute bilaterally for movement coordination to both sides of the body; enable actions such as walking and postural stability
58
Propriospinal Spinal Cord Interneurons
Project for multiple spinal segments before synapsing on motor neurons, important for upper limb coordination
59
Frontal Lobe Motor Areas
Supplementary Motor, Dorsal Premotor Cortex, Ventral Premotor Cortex, Cingulate Motor Area
60
Supplementary Motor Area Location
Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere
61
Supplementary Motor Area Function
Possibly involved in planning bimanual movements
62
Premotor Cortex Location
Lateral Hemisphere and ventral to primary motor cortex
63
Dorsal Premotor Cortex Function
Helps control reaching
64
Ventral Premotor Cortex Function
Helps control grasping, contains mirror neurons
65
Cingulate Motor Area Location
Medial surface deep in cingulate sulcus
66
Cingulate Motor Area Function
Emotional regulation as part of the limbic system

NEUROANATOMY (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions