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NEUROANATOMY > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, histamine

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2
Q

Glutamate

A

Most common excitatory neurotransmitter, active throughout the CNS

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3
Q

Histamine

A

Neuromodulatory function

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4
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

GABA and glycine

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5
Q

GABA

A

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter, found in and acts throughout the CNS

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6
Q

Glycine

A

Found in the spinal cord and acts on the spinal cord and brainstem

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7
Q

Location of Dopamine Neuromodulation

A

Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

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8
Q

Location of Serotonin Neuromodulation

A

Raphe nuclei

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9
Q

Location of Histamine Neuromodulation

A

Hypothalamus and reticular formation

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10
Q

Location of Norepinephrine Neuromodulation

A

Sympathetic ganglia and locus ceruleus

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11
Q

Location of Neuropeptide Neuromodulation

A

Entire CNS

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12
Q

Location of Acetylcholine Neuromodulation

A

Small areas of the CNS

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13
Q

Acetylcholine Areas of Neurotransmission

A

Neuromuscular junctions, preganglionic autonomic synapses, postganglionic parasympathetic synapses

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14
Q

Upper Motor Neurons

A

Carry motor output from the cerebral cortex and brainstem to lower motor neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord

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15
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

Cell bodies in the brainstem or spinal cord that innervate muscles in the periphery, either Alpha Motor Neurons, Gamma Motor Neurons, or Beta Motor Neurons

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16
Q

Alpha Motor Neuron

A

Large cell bodies with axons that innervate skeletal muscle

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17
Q

Gamma Motor Neuron

A

Calls with a small axon diameter that innervate muscle spindles to help control stretch reflex

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18
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Lesion

A

Muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, decreased tone, hyporeflexia

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19
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Lesion

A

Increased tone, hyperreflexia, muscle weakness, abnormal reflexes, may present like a lower motor neuron lesion at first

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20
Q

Lateral Motor Pathway Controls…

A

Appendicular Muscles

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21
Q

Medial Motor Pathway Controls…

A

Axial, girdle, and posture muscles

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22
Q

Lateral Cortical Motor Pathways

A

Lateral corticospinal and corticobulbar

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23
Q

Medial Cortical Motor Pathways

A

Ventral Corticospinal

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24
Q

Lateral Brainstem Motor Pathways

A

Rubrospinal

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25
Q

Medial Brainstem Motor Pathways

A

Vestibulospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal

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26
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract Functions

A

Rapid muscle movements, especially at the joints of the limbs

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27
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract Steps

A
  1. Primary motor cortex of Precentral Gyrus in cortical layer 5. 2. Corona radiata through internal capsule. 3. Cerebral peduncles of midbrain, then middle third of crus cerebri, then ventral pons. 4. Pyramids in ventral medulla. 5. Pyramidal decussation in caudal medulla. 6. Lateral funiculus of spinal cord to synapse on LMNs of ventral horn
28
Q

Corticobulbar Tract Functions

A

Movement of face, tongue, jaw, laryngeal, and pharyngeal muscles, NOT extraocular muscles

29
Q

Corticobulbar Tract Path

A
  1. Precentral gyrus through genu of internal capsule. 2. Through brainstem to many nuclei
30
Q

Corticobulbar Tract Destinations Through and In Brainstem

A

Facial Motor Nucleus, Trigeminal Motor Nucleus, Nucleus Ambiguus, and Hypoglossal Nucleus

31
Q

Corticobulbar Projections to Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

A

Midpons with bilateral projections

32
Q

Corticobulbar Projections to Nucleus Ambiguus

A

Bilateral projections, rostral medulla, laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles

33
Q

Corticobulbar Projections to Facial Motor Nucleus

A

Bilateral projections to the portion of the nucleus that controls the upper face, contralateral to the lower face

34
Q

Corticobulbar Projections to Hypoglossal Nucleus

A

Rostral dorsal medulla, most often bilateral projections

35
Q

Corticobulbar Projections to Spinal Accessory Nucleus

A

Caudal Medulla, Bilateral asymmetric projections

36
Q

Somatotopic Organization of Motor Pathways From Top to Bottom of Cortex

A

Knee, trunk, shoulder, arm, elbow, wrist, fingers, thumb, neck, brow, eye, face, lips, jaw, tongue, pharynx

37
Q

Somatotopic Organization of Motor Pathways Anterior to Posterior of Internal Capsule

A

Face, arm, trunk, leg

38
Q

Somatotopic Organization of Motor Tracts Dorsal to Ventral on Midbrain

A

Leg, trunk, arm, face

39
Q

Somatotopic Organization of Motor Tracts Dorsal to Ventral Spinal Cord

A

Leg, trunk, arm, CONTRALATERAL trunk again

40
Q

Rubrospinal Tract Steps

A
  1. Red nucleus. 2. Decussation in midbrain and descent through dorsolateral pons and medulla. 3. Lateral funiculus of spinal cord and synapse in the ventral horn of cervical cord
41
Q

Ventral Corticospinal Tract Function

A

Control of biaxial and girdle muscles

42
Q

Ventral Corticospinal Tract Steps

A
  1. Lateral corticospinal tract to pyramidal decussation. 2. Descent through ventral funiculus of cord. 3. Some axons cross before synapsing on the lower motor neurons and interneurons of ventral horn and intermediate zone respectively
43
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract Initial Steps

A
  1. Medial and lateral vestibular nuclei of rostral medulla and pons, respectively. 2. Descent as vestibulospinal tracts
44
Q

Membrane Potential Formula

A

Charge inside the cell-charge outside the cell

45
Q

Standard Resting Membrane Potential

46
Q

Equilibrium Potential of Na+

47
Q

Equilibrium Potential of K+

48
Q

Equilibrium Potential of Cl-

49
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters Stimulate Release of What Ion

50
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters Stimulate Release of What Ion

51
Q

Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract Steps

A
  1. Descent through ipsilateral ventral funiculus. 2. Synapse to ventral horn LMNs and interneurons at all spinal levels
52
Q

Medial Vestibulospinal Tract Steps

A
  1. Descent bilaterally to superior levels of cervical spinal cord. 2. Controls head positions related to eye positions
53
Q

Tectospinal Tract Steps

A
  1. Deep Layers of superior colliculus. 2. Inferior to cerebral spinal segments. 3. Controls eye and head movements
54
Q

Reticulospinal Tract Steps

A
  1. Pontine reticular formations. 2. Descent through ventral funiculus ipsilaterally but exerts bilateral control of automatic movements like walking on uneven terrain
55
Q

Spinal Cord Interneuron Types

A

Segmental, Commissural, Propriospinal

56
Q

Segmental Spinal Cord Interneurons

A

Short axons that distribute branches ipsilaterally within a single spinal segment that synapse on motor neurons and other interneurons, receives convergent input from somatic sensory receptors for reflex control of movement

57
Q

Commissural Spinal Cord Interneurons

A

Distribute bilaterally for movement coordination to both sides of the body; enable actions such as walking and postural stability

58
Q

Propriospinal Spinal Cord Interneurons

A

Project for multiple spinal segments before synapsing on motor neurons, important for upper limb coordination

59
Q

Frontal Lobe Motor Areas

A

Supplementary Motor, Dorsal Premotor Cortex, Ventral Premotor Cortex, Cingulate Motor Area

60
Q

Supplementary Motor Area Location

A

Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere

61
Q

Supplementary Motor Area Function

A

Possibly involved in planning bimanual movements

62
Q

Premotor Cortex Location

A

Lateral Hemisphere and ventral to primary motor cortex

63
Q

Dorsal Premotor Cortex Function

A

Helps control reaching

64
Q

Ventral Premotor Cortex Function

A

Helps control grasping, contains mirror neurons

65
Q

Cingulate Motor Area Location

A

Medial surface deep in cingulate sulcus

66
Q

Cingulate Motor Area Function

A

Emotional regulation as part of the limbic system

NEUROANATOMY (11 decks)

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