week 3

Question 1

stats about nursing in 2021

Answer 1

459, 005 regulated nurses
-312,382 registered nurses
- 7400 nurse practitoners
- 132,886 licensed practical nurses
- 6337 registered psychiatric nurses

Question 2

what are the youngest group of nursing and whats the age

Answer 2

-licensed practical nurses (LPN/RPN)
41 years old

Question 3

average age of nurses

Answer 3

43-44 years old

Question 4

% of regulated nurses that are female

Answer 4

91%

Question 5

percentage of regulated nurses by employment setting

Answer 5

54.6% worked in a hospital
13.7% worked in community health
13.6% worked in a nursing home/long term care
7.4% worked in other employment settings

Question 6

% of employment status of nurses in the work

Answer 6

60.8% of the workforce was employed full time
29.6% parttime
9.5% employed on a casual basis

Question 7

the beginning of nursing in canada

Answer 7

-canada was devastated by epidemics of infectious disease
- good nursing was the only defense
-the indigenous connection…saved colonists with health care knowlegde, herbal remedies, midwives, nurses, caregivers
- New france (1600s) first nurses were male attendants and jesuit priests
- impact of grey nuns (french sisters of charity)
-florence nightingale

Question 8

more information about new france-the beginning of nursing

Answer 8

-Mme Hebert (lay nurse) provided care to settlers
-jeanne mance founded first hospital in quebec
- marguerite d’youville formed Sisters of Charity-first visiting nurses
- most came to ‘minister’ to the sick, motivated by the desire to educate the indigenous people

Question 9

nursing in canada-the early 20th century

Answer 9

-reputable profession..1900-1930s
- great depression brought unemployment and hardship to nurses
- affected financial stability of universities
- world war 2-shortage of nurses, increase in funding to manage shortage, resulted in shorter times to produce more nurses (1 to 2 year programs)

Question 10

nursing in canada-the mid 20th century to now

Answer 10

-number of programs increased
- first masters of nursing program was established at university of western ontario in 1959
- nursing began to develop scholarship and research into what nursing is and does
- PhDs in nursing in Us and in Canada (u of a-1991)
-Transition from non-integrated degree program (university responsible for theory and hospital for clinical) to inte grated degree (university has oversight of classroom instruction and clinical)

Question 11

where do nurses nurse?

Answer 11

-nurses have traveled across geographic and national boundaries
-ex new france and across canada, west africa, missionary nursing in china, WHO, UN relief and rehabilitation administration, remote regions in canada

Question 12

who were nurses

Answer 12

-product of society and culture
-“white single Christian women”
- segregation of pateints due to ‘differences’
- rare to see male nurses-a bit of segregation here
-1960s awareness of need for gender balance and social diveristy
- 2000s on-social justice reform for gender, race, intersectionality

Question 13

the evolution of the nurse education

Answer 13

-first ones were financially independent…set up by nightingale
- schools then became subsumed by hospitals as a way to increase staffing
- then Hospital school
- then diploma schools
- university level educations

Question 14

characteristics of hospital school

Answer 14

-students provided nursing care in exchange for education and living arrangements
- finanical benefit to the hospital
- poor living conditions for students
- provided education of questionable quality

Question 15

what was the first diploma school and what did it do

Answer 15

• st.catherines training school 1874
• admission standards included plain english education, good character and christian motives
• students learned chemistry, sanitary science, physiology, anatomy and hygiene
  -role of nurses was to observe patients and report “faithfully” to doctors

Question 16

education reform- what was instrumental to developing baccalaureate etp in canada

Answer 16

-weir report (1932)-survey of nursing education in canada…confirmed insufficient classroom instruction and lack of variety in clinical experience
-1965 Royal Commision on health servcies-instrumental in transition away from hospital training schools. First to colleges as a 3 year diploma programs then they became housed in unis

Question 17

who began the victorian order of nurses and what does this do

Answer 17

lade ishbel aberdeen
-assisted in establishing educational standards for nurses

Question 18

what was another influence of educational reform

Answer 18

-womens rights movement
- concerned with the professional welfare of nurses, interests of women and improvement of peoples health

Question 19

how do you become a member-educational reform

Answer 19

nations needed to have a national nursing organization

Question 20

who is the first treasurer and when did canada join

Answer 20

many agnes snively-1899
-in 1901

Question 21

when was the canadian nurses association estalished

Answer 21

1909

Question 22

what are the contributions of CNA and provincial nursing organizations

Answer 22

• registration process in all provinces and territories
• work of these associations: set scope of practice, protect title of nurse, protect the public against unqualified, incompetent practice
  -develop CNA code of ethics

Question 23

entry to practice

Answer 23

1972-2001 registered nurses were taught in college (3 year diploma program) and university 4 years

if you didnt want to do bedside nursing-a post-RN BcSN was required

2001- BScN was a requirement to be an RN

in 2020 ONtario granted colleges the right to confer degress

Question 24

baccalaureate entry to practice (BETP)

Answer 24

-1960s: transition from hospital schools of nursing to 2 year diploma programs
- 1975: alberta task force on nursing education recommended that all graduates be prepared at the baccalaureate level
- all provinces except Quebec endorsed BETP by 2010

Question 25

final thoughts on nursing education

Answer 25

-new and developing curricula
-national nursing education framework-just revised
- increased access through online and distance modalities (virtual simulation, impact of covid-19)
-educational standards approved by the provinces and territories and accredited by canadian association for schools in nursing CASN
-ensures greater quality and response to change

Question 26

the canadian healthcare system

Answer 26

medicare
- key component of canadian social safety net
- provides hospital and medical insurance
- funded by general taxation
- was first brought to saskatchewan by tommy douglas in 1961, which was then adopted by lester pearson in 1966

canada healthcare act (1984)
- stipulated how funding for healthcare was to be delivered by the federal government…healthcare is provincially delivered but federally funded

Question 27

canada health act

Answer 27

public administration-operate on nonprofit basis through public authority
comprehensiveness- cover medically necessary services
universality-free of discrimination
portability- coverage across canada for insured residents
accessibilty- reasonable acess, regardless of abilty to pay

Question 28

what the the federal governments role in healthcare

Answer 28

-sets and administers national prinicples
- assists in financing of health care services through transfer payments
-delivers health services for indigenous people, veterans, federal inmates and RCMP
-provide national policy and programming to promote health and prevent disease
-total health care spending in canada was 228 billion in 2016…70% public spending, 30% other sources. services account for about 60%

Question 29

what is the provincial government role in healthcare

Answer 29

-develop and administer their own health acre insurance plans
- manage, finance and plan insurable health care services and delivery, in alignment with CHA principles
- determine organization and location of hospital or long term care facilities, employ health providers in various specialities, determine amount of money dedicated to health care services
-reimburse phsyican and hospital costs and some rehab and long-term care services…basis of co-payments with individual users

Question 30

levels of healthcare

Answer 30

level 1: health promotion
level 2: disease and injury prevention
level 3: diagnosis and treatment
level 4: rehabilitation
level 5: supportive care

Question 31

what is health promotion (level 1)

Answer 31

-enabling people to increase control over and improve their health
- wellness services
-promotion of self-esteem in children and adolescents
-advocacy for health public policy

Question 32

what is disease and injury prevention (level 2)

Answer 32

-reduce risk factors for disease and injury
-prevention strategies:
clinical actions-immunizing
behavioural aspects-support groups
environmental actions-climate control activism

Question 33

what is diagnosis and treatment (level 3)

Answer 33

-recognizing and managing the existing health problems of individuals
primary care: first pt of contact with health care system
secondary care: provision of specialized health care system
tertiary care: specialized technical care for complicated health problems
quaternary care: specialized at a few places such as university, hospitals

Question 34

what is rehabilitation (level 4)

Answer 34

-improving the health and quality of life of those facing life-altering conditions
- required after physical/mental illness, injury or addiction
-services include: physio, occupational therapy, respiratory therapy, social services

Question 35

what is supportive care (level 5)

Answer 35

-for patients with chronic illness, progressive illness or disability
- long term care and assisted living facilities, adult day care centres, home care
-includes respite care and palliative care

Question 36

challenges to sustainability

Answer 36

-cost accelerators…digital health tech, demographics, consumer involvement and personalized medicine
- equality and quality…cultural competence, safety and humility, evidence informed practice, quality and patient safety, quality workplaces, privatization of services, health care human resources, improved patient outcome metrics

Question 37

what is global healthcare

Answer 37

-optimal well-being of all humans from the individual and collective perspective
- encompasses prevention, treatment and care, while focusing on the imporvement of health for all and health equity

Question 38

key concepts in global health

Answer 38

-environmental: an intact and healthy ecosystem, diseases prevented by a healthy environment
one health-the interdependence of humans, plants, animals
planetary health-the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends
-health equity: health disparities, health inequities, social determinants of health, health equity

Question 39

global health goals

Answer 39

-Millennium development goals (address key health and development issues, UN general assembly 2000)
- sustainable development goals (17 goals, UN general assembly 2015)
-Worlth health organization (governmental agency of the UN that focuses on health in a global context. Heavily involved in pandemic management from a global perspective (ex. vaccine access, ppe, HR)

Question 40

theme of the 2022 world health day

Answer 40

-the environment and impacts on health of the citizens of the world…environmental sustainabilty=need for a healthy future

Question 41

international nursing agencies and what does it do

Answer 41

-ICN (international council of nurses)
-represents nurses worldwide(73 countries), advocates for health human resources, nursing education and access to healthcare
-dr. judith shamian was the president 2013-2017

Question 42

examples of international nursing agecies

Answer 42

Canadian Coalition for Global Health Researchers (CCGHR)
* Canadian Nurses Association (CNA)
Candian Red cross
* Canadian Society for International Health (CSIH): http://www.csih.org* Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH): https://www.cugh.org/* Global Advisory Panel on the Future of Nursing & Midwifery (GAPFON) (established 2013):Bridging the gaps for health: http://www.gapfon.org/* Global Nursing Caucus: Engaging nurses to advance global health: http://www.globalnursingcaucus.org/* Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/* International Council of Nurses (ICN): http://www.icn.ch/* Médecins sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders Canada): http://www.msf.ca/* Nursing Now Campaign (2018). http://www.who.int/hrh/news/2018/nursing_now_campaign/en/* United Nations: http://www.un.org/en/index.html* World Health Organization (WHO): Health topics: Nursing:

Question 43

what was implemented in 2020

Answer 43

4 year college degrees in nursing