week 3

Question 1

What are the two types of validty

Answer 1

Internal validity
Construction validity

Question 2

What is internal validity

Answer 2

is the degree of confidence that the causal relationship you are testing is not influenced by other factors or variables

Question 3

What is construct validity

Answer 3

concerns the extent to which your test or measure accurately assesses what it’s supposed to

Question 4

What is extraneous variables

Answer 4

Not being investigated that has the potential to affect the outcome of a research study

Question 5

What is a confounding variables

Answer 5

related to both the supposed cause and the supposed effect

it can be difficult to separate extraneous variable and independent variable

Question 6

What is variance

Answer 6

variability of data set

Question 7

What types of variance

Answer 7

treatment variamce
error variance

Question 8

What is treatment variance

Answer 8

difference due to what we’ve done

Question 9

What is error variance

Answer 9

differences due to other variables

Question 10

What are the two potential effects

Answer 10

Ceiling effects
Floor effects

Question 11

What is the ceiling effects

Answer 11

the task is too easy

Question 12

What is floor effects

Answer 12

the task is too hard

Question 13

How trials effect measurement sensitivity

Answer 13

Too few trial leads to a more insensitive measure
Too many trials can lead to fatigue
We can also use precise equipment

Question 14

What is the simplest fix for extraneous variables

Answer 14

Randomly assign them to groups as extraneous variables are more balanced out

Question 15

What is standardisation and why do we do it

Answer 15

What- making the method and procedure controlled and precise
Why- minimises possibility of extraneous variables

Question 16

How can we standardise procedures

Answer 16

We can use computers as stimuli and instructions are presented and displayed in the same way each time

Question 17

What is the difference between confounding variable and extraneous variables

Answer 17

confounding variables differ systematically with aspects of the design

Question 18

What is the biggest threat to a within participant design

Answer 18

Order effects

Question 19

What is order effects

Answer 19

Changes in behaviour because of ‘when’ a certain condition is completed

Question 20

What are the types of order effects

Answer 20

Practice effects
Fatigue effects
Habituation

Question 21

What are practice effects

Answer 21

participents likely to get better at a task each time they do it

Question 22

What is fatigue effects

Answer 22

if there are a number of conditions, participants may get tired or bored which will affect performance

Question 23

What is habituation

Answer 23

participants may become less sensitive to a stimulus through repetition

Question 24

How can we solve order effects in a within-subject

Answer 24

Counterbalance

Question 25

What is counterbalancing

Answer 25

It is were there the participants are in different groups and the go through the conditions in different orders

Question 26

When can't we do counterbalances

Answer 26

when there is 24 or more orders

Question 27

What can we do if we can't counterbalance

Answer 27

Partially counterbalance Latin-square design

Question 28

What is a practice trial

Answer 28

A trial done before the experimental trial therefore anything can be adjusted before it to make it more accurate

Question 29

What is and why do we do randomisation

Answer 29

It helps eliminate systematic bias presents the individual trials in a random order

Question 30

When do we many use between-participants

Answer 30

to see the effect of intervention or treatment

Question 31

What are the parts of between-studies

Answer 31

Pre-test Experimental treatment Post-test

Question 32

What is a Pre-test

Answer 32

the observation or measure before the intervention

Question 33

What is a experimental treatment

Answer 33

the different interventions or conditions

Question 34

What is a post-test

Answer 34

the observation or measure after the intervention

Question 35

What is Maturation effects

Answer 35

participants behaviour changes over time naturally

Question 36

What is history effects

Answer 36

something changes about the participant circumstances that influences the variable

Question 37

What is testing effects

Answer 37

merely having been tested before may have changed how they do on the post-test

Question 38

Why do you use a control group

Answer 38

to show that the iv does influence the DV and it is not other factors

Question 39

What are the types of control groups

Answer 39

Passive Active Waitlist

Question 40

What is a passive control group

Answer 40

participants do nothing/a meaningless alternative task, whist those not in the control conditions go through the manipulation

Question 41

What is a active control group

Answer 41

Participants do something that they could reasonably assume might have an effect but the researchers assume doesn't

Question 42

What is a waitlist

Answer 42

participants are waiting to take part in the intervention/experimental conditions, and believe that they will be at some point

Question 43

What is attrition

Answer 43

participants starting but not completing the study

Question 44

What is differential attrition

Answer 44

when people leave one condition or treatment more than any other

Question 45

What is a longitudinal design

Answer 45

participation occurs across different sessions with significant time intervals Differential attrition is an issue for these studies

Question 46

What is matched groups

Answer 46

where participants are matched on a third variable like age or IQ and then are split into each group so that it effect both groups negating the effects

Question 47

What is a pilot studies

Answer 47

used to spot issues before we do the real trials so that problems can be picked up and fixed e.g. unclear instructions, floor/ceiling effects and more