week 2 Flashcards
What do survey research allow to test for
Correlation, cross sectional
What do experiments research allow to test for
Causation, longitudinal
What is correlation
describes the size and direction of a relationship between two or more variables
What is causation
indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event
What is a variable
Anything that changes
What is an independent variable
Variable that is being manipulated /compared
What is an dependent variable
variable being measured
What is discrete data
Where no continuum exists; data can only take certain units
Continuous data
Different scales of measurement; can take any value
What are the two parts of categorical data
Nominal
Ordinal
What is nominal data
categorical data/ data is in groups
What is ordinal data
Has relative order
what are the two types of continuous data
interval data
ratio data
What is interval data
each unit in the scale represents an equal change, but no absolute zero
What is ratio data
interval type data where proportions on the scale are meaningful as there is an absolute zero
What is a level condition
condition can be many levels to a variable
What is a level of an IV
A term for number of condition within a variable
What are Self-report measures
operationalises a variable by recording people’s answers about themselves in a questionnaire or interview
Scales measure construct like stress, satisfaction
What are observational measures
Operationalises a variable by recording observable behaviours/ physical traces behaviours
What are physiological measure
operationalises a variable by recording biological data, such brain activity, hormone levels, or heart rate
Why can some variables be manipulated
Not possible
Unethical
so instead use correlation desgin and quasi-experiment
What is the three criteria for establishing causation between A and B variables
Covariance: results show that a changes b changes
Temporal precedence: the study’s method ensures that comes first in time before b
Internal validity: the study’s method ensure that there are no plausible alternative explanations for the change in B; A is the only thing that changed
What are the type of design
Between subjects
within subjects
What is between subjects
where different people do each conditions
Have two groups
all contribute to one score and look at difference
What is within subjects
were participant do both conditions
participants contribute to several scores
and look at the difference in the scores
What should a hypothesis be
Precise and falsifiable
What is a directional hypothesis
States there will be a difference and in which direction
What is a non directional hypothesis
states there will be a difference but not in which direction
What is a Null hypothesis
states there will be no difference
