Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Jorge's CAR > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Fungal cell structure

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fungal cell nutrition

A

Heterotrophic: nutrients from dead organic matter or living organisms (exoenzymes digest outside to absorb nutrients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fungal morphology

A

Yeasts - oval/spherical
Moulds: filamentous/hyphal forms
Dimorphic: grow as yeast or mould depending on temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Differentiation of fungi

A

Size + appearance
Colour
Surface elevations + depressions
Patterms
Examination of spores
Moulds - hyaline (colourless) or dematiaceous (pigmented), hyphal structure (spiral, racket shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Canine heartworm lifecycle and outcome

A

Dirofilarias immitis
Lifecycle: microfilariae in blood (L1) -> female mosquito (L1 -> L3, now infectious) -> mosquito injects L3 by biting -> L4 -> L5 -> adult in right ventricle and pulmonary vessels -> 6-7 month prepatent period
Following D. immitis:
Narrowing of pulmonary artery (medial layer enlarges -> hypertension)
Hydrothorax and hydroperitoneum
Haemoptysis - coughing up blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Testing for parasites

A

Haemotology (increased eosinophil + basophil)
Thoracic radiographs (R heart enlargement)
ECG + echocardiogram
ELISA
Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA)
Tracheal wash
Faecal egg count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment of parasites

A

Adult worms - immiticide
Microfilariae - ivermectin (also used as a preventative)
Adulticides - dead worms induce inflammatory response -> pulmonary thrombolism (pulmonary artery clot)
Surgical removal - alligator forceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

GI parasite lifecycle

A

Adult worms lay eggs in intestines which are passed out in faeces
Eggs develop into larvae and are ingested by animal
Larvae migrate through intestine wall into bloodstream -> liver -> lungs
Migrate up trachea and swallowed (returning to intestine)
OR
migrate through large vessels and become lodged in small vessels -> vessel wall damage + blood clots
e.g. Strongylus Vulgaris (horses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Heartworm in cats

A

Fewer worms in cats can cause significant disease
-> enlarged lung
Diagnosis difficult (usually amicrofilaraemic and low worm burden so ELISA test not sensitive enough)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Haematological abnormalities associated with parasitic disease

A

Anaemia - some parasites feed on blood
Eosinophilia
Thrombocytopenia - decreased platelets
Leukocytosis - increased WBCs
Hypoalbumenia - decreased serous albumin levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parasites that migrate through the lung

A

Dog heartworm - D.immitis
Dog lungworm - A. vasorum
Cat lungworm - A. abstrustus
Horse GI parasite - S. vulgaris
Cattle lungworm - D. viviparus
Sheep + goat lungworm - D. filaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Routes of migratory parasites

A

Oral
Skin
Transplacental
Blood-borne
Through body cavities
Ingestion of intermediate hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anthelmintics

A

Drugs used to kill parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Worming in horses

A

up to 6 months - every 2 months
6 months to 1 year - every 3 months
yearlings - every 4-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Parasite direct and indirect life cycle

A

Direct - parasitic stages develop in/on host
Indirect - intermediate host required for parasite development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mechanical and biological vectors

A

Mechanical - organism carries pathogen on surface of vector e.g. flies spread faecal pathogens
Biological - Intermediate host e.g. mosquitos transmitting malaria

17
Q

Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Symbiosis
Hyperparasitism
Parasitoid
Macro-parasite
Micro-parasite
Facultative parasite
Obligate parasite
Endo-parasite
Ecto-parasite

A

Parasitism = only one organism benefits, detriment of the other
Mutualism = both organisms benefit
Commensalism = one organism benefits, other is unaffected
Symbiosis = close and prolonged interaction between organisms of different species
Hyperparasitism = parasite of parasites
Parasitoid = parasite that kills host
Macro-parasite - e.g. worms
Micro-parasite - e.g. bacteria
Facultative parasite = survive in the absence of host
Obligate parasite = cannot survive in the absence of host
Endo-parasite = lives inside host e.g. worms
Ecto-parasite = lives outside host e.g. ticks

18
Q

Major groups of parasites

A

Protozoa - unicellular
Arthropods - insects or arachnids that can be ectoparasites
Helminths - e.g. nematodes - worms

19
Q

Types of host

A

Definitive host - host in which parasite sexual reproduction occurs
Intermediate host - host in which parasite asexual reproduction occurs
Permissive host - not used by parasite but allows completion of life cycle
Non-permissive host - parasite cannot complete its life cycle
Reservoir host - parasite can be maintained and is source of infection OR large source of parasite
Paratenic host - host not necessary for development, but can be used as reservoir and source of infection

20
Q

Koch’s postulate

A
  1. microorganism must be present in all disease cases
  2. microorganism must be isolated from host and grown in pure culture
  3. when microorganism introduced into healthy organism, the same disease occurs
  4. microorganism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected host and identified as being identical to original microorganism
21
Q

Lungworm disease mechanism and clinical signs

A

Larvae migrate through lungs and cause inflammation and damage to lung tissue -> coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing

22
Q

Bovine lungworm lifecycle

A

D. viviparus

23
Q

Dog tongue worm (linguatala serrata) lifecycle

A

Eggs hatch in intestine of ruminant (intermediate host)
Larvae migrate to organs
Infectious nymph in visceral tissues
Raw offal contain nymphs fed to dogs

24
Q

Dog nasal mite (pneumonyssus caninum) transmission

A

Spread directly from dog to dog

25
Q

Oestrus Ovis (sheep/goat nasal bot fly) lifecycle

A

Adult lay larvae in nasal passage (Not eggs)
Larvae mature in nasal cavities
Finish growth in soil -> fly
Leads to breathing difficulties, reduced weight gain, reduced productivity (ivermectin = treatment)

26
Q

Syngamus trachea (gapeworm) lifecycle

A

Adult lay eggs, eggs are ingested and passed in droppings
Infection due to ingestion of L3 + egg, L3 or L3 + paratenic host
Duodenum -> blood stream -> lungs -> trachea
=> respiratory distress, decreased feed intake, reduced egg production

27
Q

Functional defences of the respiratory tract

A

Non-specific:
Head position
Cilia + mucous -> trapping (mucociliary escalator)
Reflexes: coughing (LRT) and sneezing (URT)
Anti-microbial compounds: defensins from neutrophils (kill bacteria) , lysozymes in mucous (break down cell wall)
Specific:
Passive immunity - vaccination
Lymph nodes/tissue
Innate immune system
Mucosal immunity - antibodies + lymphocytes

28
Q

Major lymph nodes of head and respiratory tract

A
29
Q

Bronchiolar spasm

A

= sudden constriction of smooth muscle in walls of bronchioles
Caused by irritation, infection + allergies

30
Q

Conducting and respiratory zones

A

Conducting zone: nasal cavity -> bronchioles (conduction of air from outside to respiratory zone)
Respiratory zone: bronchioles -> alveoli (gas exchange)

31
Q

Histology of trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

A

Trachea + bronchi - lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (containing goblet cells)
Bronchioles - lined with simple cuboidal epithelium + surrounded by smooth muscle

32
Q

Endotherm
Ectotherm
Homeotherm
Poikilotherm
Thermoneutral zone
Lower and upper critical temp
Zone of thermal comfort
Thermal set-point

A

Endotherm = use internally generated heat to maintain body temp
Ectotherm = depend mainly on external sources of heat, internal temp changes with environment
Homeotherm = maintains a constant body temp
Poikilotherm = varies internal body temp within a range of temps
Thermoneutral zone = range of ambient temps where body can maintain core body temp solely through regulating dry heat loss
Lower and upper critical temp = temp limit of the thermoneutral zone
Zone of thermal comfort = temp within which animals comfort is optimal
Thermal set-point = temp at which all body systems attempt to return body’s temp to

33
Q

Dictyocaulus viviparus clinical signs and treaments

A

Cough, tachpnoea, respiratory distress, gasping for air, loss of appetite, fever
Ivermectin, albendazole, doramectin, moxidectin

34
Q

D. arnfieldi clinical signs and treatments

A

Cough, lung sounds, don’t respond to certain drugs
Ivermectin, fenbendazole, moxidectin

35
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus clinical signs and treatment

A

Larvae in faeces, radiograph of lung
Ivermectin, fenbendazole, levamisole

Jorge's CAR (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions