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Jorge's CAR > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial Stewardship

A

strategies to optimise use of antimicrobial agents to prevent antibiotic resistance

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2
Q

Commensals of the respiratory tract

A

Streptococcus
Actinobacillus
Pasteurella multiocida
Bordatella bronchiseptica
Escherichia coli

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3
Q

Commensals =

A

organisms that live in co-existence with host

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4
Q

how do commensals become opportunistic pathogens?

A

Change in location
Acquisition of virulence genes
Changes in gene expression
Host specific
Changes within host
Environmental changes
Co-infection/intercurrent disease

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5
Q

Indirect ELISA

A

Detects presence of antibodies
Antigen is immobilized
Primary antibody binds to antigen
Secondary antigen (conjugated with enzyme) detects primary antibody

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6
Q

Direct ELISA

A

Detects presence of antigen
Labeled antibody binds to antigen is used for detection

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7
Q

Sandwich ELISA

A

Detects antigen
Antigen is bound between 2 antibodies
2 antibodies that detect different epitopes (one is conjugated with an enzyme)

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8
Q

Competitive ELISA

A

Measures conc of antigen
Labeled antigen incubated with known quantity of antigen of interest + fixed amount of unlabeled antibody
Amount of labelled antigen that binds is inversely proportional to conc of antigen in sample

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9
Q

Different bacteria’s varying resistance

A

Gram +ve - thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram -ve - complex cell wall
Acid - fast - cell wall contains mycolic acid

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10
Q

Bacterial smear preparation

A

Collect bacteria using inoculation loop + spread on slide
Leave to dry
Pass over bunsen burner to adhere bacteria to slide + kill them
Stain

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11
Q

Types of growth media

A

Minimal - basic salt based growth
Nutrient - all basic requirements
Enriched - organism specific supplements
Selective - supplements favouring a bacteria
Indicator - react to specific bacteria
Selective indicator
Transport - protect organisms for transport

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12
Q

Methods of measuring bacterial growth

A

Direct counting
Miles-Misra method (serial dilution of colonies)
Absorbance (measuring optical density)

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13
Q

Bacterial stages of growth

A

Lag phase - adjustment to new media - metabolise and grow
Exponential phase - peak growth
Stationary phase - resource limit, max population reached
Decline/death phase - no resources for growth, bacteria dying

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14
Q

Anaerobic
Aerobic
Facultative Anaerobe
Microaerophilic

A

= cannot grow in presence of oxygen
= requires oxygen to grow
= can grow with or without oxygen
= can grow with limited oxygen

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15
Q

effect of pH on bacterial growth

A

Most are neutrophiles (pH 7) - balance pH in close environment
Acidophiles and alkaliphiles are not pathogenic

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16
Q

effect of temp on bacterial growth

A

psychrophiles - low temp
Mesophiles - medium temp
thermophiles - high temp

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17
Q

effect of osmolarity on bacterial growth

A

bacteria prefer a slight +ve pressure and inflow of water (resisted by cell wall)

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18
Q

Pathogen adhesion

A

To cells, secretory products, other bacteria, structural components,
Via fimbrae/pili, adhesive macromolecules, capsules, flagellum

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19
Q

Resistance to host defence

A

Complement resistance - long polysaccharide chain (LPS) prevents binding, sialic acid in capsule inhibits complement activity
Avoiding phagocytosis - capsule, M protein, production of binding proteins to prevent interaction with receptors on phagocytes (Fc)

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20
Q

Virulence factor

A

molecules that allow bacteria to adhere, invade, evade defence, cause tissue damage, replicate + persist

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21
Q

Bacterial Movement and survival in cells

A

Actin based motility - use host cell actin filaments to move within cell and spread to adjacent cells
Cytoskeletal rearrangement
Nutrient acquisition - manipulate metabolic pathway
Immune evasion - manipulate host immune cell signaling pathways to evade detection

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22
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular pathogens
Expressed by pathogens and recognised as ‘danger signals’ by host cells

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23
Q

PRRs

A

Pathogen recognition receptors
detect PAMPs

24
Q

Types of microbial PAMPs

A

Gram -ve e.g. LPS
Gram +ve e.g. peptidoglycan

25
Q

TLRs

A

Toll-like receptors
Transmembrane receptors
Produce anti-inflammatory cytokines which help maintain balance between host and commensal bacteria
Regulate production of mucous + antimicrobial peptides

26
Q

Types of TLRs

A

TLR2 - recognition of lipoproteins - gram +ve bacteria
TLR4 - recognition of LPS - gram -ve bacteria

27
Q

Clinical syndromes associated with systemic inflammation

A

SIRS (Systemic inflammatory response syndrome)
shock - SIRS induced hypotension and hypoperfusion -> ischemia
sepsis - SIRS due to infection
severe sepsis - sepsis associated organ dysfunction
MODS (multi organ dysfunction syndrome)

28
Q

Process leading to sepsis

A

Pathogen recognition (PAMPs by PRRs)
Immune cell activation
Inflammatory response becomes dysregulated
Excessive cytokine production
Decreased endothelial function (increased vascular permeability, impaired blood flow, formation of blood clots)
Organ dysfunction

29
Q

Bacterial Nutrition

A

Fastidious - require specific supplements
Non-fastidious - grow from basic chemicals

30
Q

General affects viruses have on host cells

A

morphological
functional
biochemical
metabolic reprogramming
immunological

31
Q

Host cell immune response to viral infection

A

Combo of innate and adaptive immunity
Interferon response - Type I interferons (cytokines) from activation of PRRs by PAMPs

32
Q

What cell machinery do viruses exploit

A

Replication
Translation (host cell ribosomes to translate viral mRNA into viral proteins)
Post-translation modifications
Immune evasion
Assembly and release

33
Q

Ways viruses can be identified

A

Microscopy
Viral culture
Nucleic acid detection - PCR or acid sequencing
Serology - detecting antibodies

34
Q

Fungi characteristics

A

Eukaryotic e.g. yeasts, molds
Obtain nutrients by absorption
some are pathogenic
Reproduce by spores

35
Q

Bacteria characteristics

A

single cells
no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Some are beneficial + others pathogenic
reproduce sexually by binary fission

36
Q

Viruses Characteristics

A

non-living
can’t reproduce on their own (use host cell machinery) - obligate intracellular pathogens
no metabolic processes
consist of genetic material enclosed in a capsid
Some are enveloped viruses with embedded proteins to help enter and infect cells

37
Q

TSE (prions)

A

= transmissable spongiform encephalopathies
Caused by abnormal form of prion protein which can induce other normal proteins to adopt abnormal conformation
Causes formation of plaques in brain + nervous system
Composed of protein, no genetic material

38
Q

Bacterial Structural Components

A

Cell wall - shape, support, protection - peptidoglycan
Cell membrane - thin layer of lipid molecules - controls movement in and out of cells
Ribosomes - protein synthesis
Nucleoid - contains genetic material
Plasmids - small circular pieces of DNA
Flagella - movement
Pili/fimbriae - adhesion
Capsule - extracellular polymetric material secreted around bacteria - loosely associated with surface

39
Q

Structural differentiation of bacterial groups

A

Shape: rod/bacilus, Cocci; staphylococcus (bunches) + streptococcus (chains), spiral/vibrio
Cell wall structure: gram +ve = thin peptidoglycan layer, gram -ve = thick peptidoglycan wall
Motility
Oxygen requirements
spore forming ability

40
Q

Baltimore Classification of viruses

A

Based on genome:
DNA or RNA
+ve or -ve sense
single or double stranded

41
Q

Simple virus replication

A

Viral entry
Transcription + translation
viral assembly and release
(only work in cells that support viral replication by supplying replicative enzymes, ATP, nucleotides etc)

42
Q

dsDNA virus replication

A

uses cell machinery to replicate DNA and some encode own DNA polymerase so control rate of replication independent from cell

43
Q

ssDNA virus replication

A

require active host DNA polymerase so only infect dividing cells
uses host RNA polymerase to make mRNA

44
Q

+ve sense ssDNA virus replication

A

virus RNA can act directly as mRNA

45
Q

How do viruses cause disease

A

direct cell damage
induce inflammation
immune system dysfunction
cancer

46
Q

Bacterial sampling techniques in dogs, horses + poultry

A

Dogs - nasal swab, oropharyngeal swab, tonsillar swab
Horse - nasal swab
Poultry - tracheal swabs

47
Q

Drug targets for antibiotics

A

Cell wall e.g. penicillin
Cell membrane e.g. polymixin
Nucleic acid synthesis e.g. rifampin
Protein synthesis e.g. tetracycline

48
Q

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic

A
49
Q

Antibody resistance mechanism

A

Enzymes that degrade or inactive antibiotics
Alteration of target site
Elimination of antibiotic from target cell
Bacterial cell impermeable for antibiotics

50
Q

Phagetyping

A

Bacteriophages (viruses that infect and replicate within bacterial cells) are specific to bacteria so can be used to differentiate between bacteria

51
Q

Serotyping

A

using antibodies to differentiate bacteria based on the presence of specific surface antigens for classification

52
Q

Serology

A

detection and measurement of antibodies in body fluids
uses antigen-antibody reactions e.g. ELISA

53
Q

Differential Media

A

contain specific nutrients that allow for identification of specific bacterial species based on metabolic activities e.g. MacMonkey agar contains bile salts and pH indicator to allow selective growth of gram -ve bacteria

54
Q

Selective media

A

Inhibits growth of some bacteria and allows others

55
Q

Antimicrobial susceptibility use in selective media

A

Antimicrobial disc placed in bacterial colony
Inhibition zone is measured and used to determine susceptibility of bacteria to specific antibiotics

56
Q

Causes of URT diseases in cats

A

Feline herpesvirs
Feline calicivirus
Allergies
Fungal infections
Environmental factors

Jorge's CAR (15 decks)

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