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Abnormal Psychology > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the main kinds of assessment?

A
  • clinical interviews
  • personality tests
  • intelligence tests
  • neuropsychological tests
  • neurological tests
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2
Q

what is the difference between reliable and valid assessments?

A

Reliable assessment measures yield similar results each time they are administered, whereas valid measures
measure what they are supposed to

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3
Q

What will clinical interview provide?

A

learn client’s history, observe behavior, demeanor, style of speech, and mannerisms ->insights

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4
Q

What is the advantage of unstructured interviews?

A

since the questions are open-ended, clients can share what
they deem important

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5
Q

What is the disadvantage of unstructured interviews?

A

lack standardization and important areas may get overlooked

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6
Q

what is the goal of mental status exam?

A

assess the client’s current functioning

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7
Q

What is a personality test?

A

a test that measures emotions, interpersonal relationship patterns,
levels of motivation and interest, and attitudes

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8
Q

What types of questions included in Self-report personality inventories/Objective test?

A

standardized items with limited response choices (e.g., multiple choice, “true/false,” or “yes/no”

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9
Q

What is a projective test?

A

a test that individual participate in artistic representation -> infer aspect of psychological function

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10
Q

What are the examples of objective tests?

A
  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
    Inventory (MMPI)
  • Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF)
    Questionnaire
  • Big Five
  • Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
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11
Q

What is the most famous projective test?

A

The Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM)

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12
Q

How the test taker participate in the Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM)?

A

the test-taker uses features of the blot such as form, color, and texture in explaining what makes it look that way to them -> DSM diagnoses

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13
Q

What are the examples of projective tests?

A
  • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
  • The Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM)
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14
Q

How the test taker participate in Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Test takers are presented some cards and asked to tell story with beginning, middle, and end -> diagnoses

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15
Q

What does behavioral assessment focus on?

A

Environmental condition that sustain undesirable behaviors

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16
Q

In functional analysis, the relationship between which two factors are examined?

A

Environmental conditions and client behavior

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17
Q

What does the observation method ABC recording entail?

A

Observing and recording behaviors, their antecedents, and their consequences

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18
Q

What do most behavioral assessments try to identify?

A

Reinforcement patterns or environmental factors that maintain undesirable behavior

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19
Q

What observational assessment involves interviewing people about their problem or observing them in a setting similar to one that is suspected of causing the problem?

A

Analogous Behavior Observation

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20
Q

What form of assessment aims to evaluate clients’ ways of thinking about things?

A

Cognitive Assessment

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21
Q

What is self-efficacy? In what form of assessment is it a variable of interest?

A

One’s estimation of how likely they are to succeed in doing something

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22
Q

What form of assessment focuses on the underlying meanings clients assign to their symptoms and prefer to use everyday language?

A

Humanistic Assessment

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23
Q

One major challenge in developing intelligence tests is in distinguishing between intelligence and what related concept?

A

Achievement

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24
Q

Dividing one’s mental age by their chronological age then multiplying the result by 100 is the calculation of what measure?

A

IQ

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25
Q

What mental capacities do neuropsychological tests assess?

A

Memory, visuo spatial skills, sensorimotor skills, and executive functioning

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26
Q

In neuropsychological tests, what are three types of tasks that testers perform?

A

Perceptual, Cognitive, and Executive Functioning

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27
Q

What neuropsychological tests try to identify indicators of brain damage by having test-takers to draw card designs from memory?

A

Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test (Bender Gestalt)

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28
Q

To combat the non-compatibility of different neuropsychological tests, standardized test that can assess a fuller range of functioning. What are these sets of tests called?

A

Test batteries

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29
Q

What are the two main kinds of neuroimaging techniques?

A

PET scan and MRI scan

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30
Q

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a device that records the electrical activity of neurons firing. What is the name of such activities?

A

Brain waves

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31
Q

Positron emission topography (PET scan) works by detecting the location of radioactive isotopes injected into the bloodstream using what kind of ray?

A

Gamma rays

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32
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) creates an x-ray-like picture of the brain using the magnetic activity of which atoms?

A

Hydrogen

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33
Q

When the result of the test is affected by the participants’ differences in cultural background/values/interpretation, what bias is being committed?

A

Content Validity bias

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34
Q

What is construct validity bias?

A

A test fails to measure what it supposed/aimed to

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35
Q

What is predictive validity bias?

A

A test fails to predict outcomes for members of a certain culture

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36
Q

The oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models is the ____________ model.

A

Psychodynamic

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37
Q

Which is not one of the three types of biological treatments used today?

A

Insulin coma

38
Q

According to Freud, the id operates in accordance with the ___________ principle.

A

Pleasure

39
Q

According to psychodynamic theorists, when people behave with their therapist the way they interacted with their parents, they are demonstrating:

A

Transference

40
Q

__________ are chemicals released into the bloodstream.

A

Hormones

41
Q

Which is an inaccurate statement about the role of genes in abnormal behavior?

A

Genes probably play no part in mental disorders.

42
Q

What is the main difference between group therapy and a self-help group?

A

In group therapy there is a trained therapist who leads the interaction, while a self-help group is conducted by people who share a similar problem without the help of a professional clinician.

43
Q

Which model of abnormality rests on the deterministic assumption that no symptom or behavior is “accidental” and that all behavior is determined by past experiences?

A

The psychodynamic model

44
Q

The basic premise of family therapy is:

A

The entire family is viewed as the unit of treatment, even if only one of the members receives a clinical diagnosis.

45
Q

Which contemporary psychodynamic approach holds that therapists are key figures in the lives of patients? figures whose reactions and beliefs should be included in the therapy?

A

Relational psychoanalytic therapy

46
Q

Formulation

A
  • occurs between diagnosis and
    assessment
  • ‘diagnosis’ places a person within a pre-
    existing illness category
  • ‘formulation’: develop a model of each
    unique individual or situation within a
    specific social context
  • use ideas from psychological theory to
    explain why a client is having difficulty at
    this time
47
Q

Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM)

A

–Makes diagnoses along 3 axes
*P-Axis (personality syndromes)
*M-Axis (profile of mental functioning)
*S-Axis (subjective experience)

48
Q

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

A

–Toward a diagnostic system based on biomarkers
–RDoC’s five domains

49
Q

Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure

A

self-rated measure that assesses mental health domains that are important across psychiatric diagnoses

50
Q

Power Threat Meaning (PTM) Framework

A

psychosocial framework

51
Q

Assessment

A

gathering information to understand a person’s
difficulties

52
Q

Standardization

A

clearly defined rules for how to administer and interpret a test instrument are developed.

53
Q

Clinical interviews

A

–Unstructured interviews: open-ended
–Structured interviews: same questions
*Semi-structured
*Highly structured
*Mental Status Exam
*Structured clinical interview for DSM disorders (SCID)

54
Q

Personality tests

A

–Self-report inventories
*Objective tests
*Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
–Ten clinical scales
–Validity scales
*Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire
–Assesses 16 personality factors

55
Q

personality test

A

measures emotions, interpersonal relationship patterns, levels of motivation and interest, and attitudes

56
Q

Self-report personality inventories

A

objective test uses standardized
items with limited response choices (e.g., multiple choice, “true/false,” or “yes/no”)

57
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI)

A

“true,” “false,” or “cannot say.”

58
Q

Projective tests

A

artistic representation, open-ended responses
*Rorschach inkblot method
*Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

59
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM)

A

Hermann Rorschach in
1921

60
Q

John Exner

A

Comprehensive System

61
Q

Examples of personality assessment
from other perspectives

A

Cognitive-behavioral assessment

62
Q

Behavioral assessment

A

identifying conditions in the environment that sustain undesirable behaviors

63
Q

Behavioral assessment techniques

A

behavioral observation, clinical interviews, and self-reports—to arrive at a functional analysis

64
Q

functional analysis

A

consists of judgments about relationships between environmental conditions and
client behavior, along with estimates of how these relationships might be modified

65
Q

ABC recording

A
  • directly observing and recording client behaviors (“B”)
  • writing down
    . their antecedents (what comes before them - “A”)
    . their consequences (what comes after them, or “C”)
66
Q

By conducting ABC recording

A

identifies reinforcement patterns that maintain undesired behaviors

67
Q

scatterplot method

A

the client’s behavior in a specific environment is continuously observed over time to identify temporal patterns
no antecedents or consequences are recorded

68
Q

analogue behavioral
observation

A

people are interviewed about their problem or observed in a setting analogous to the one suspected of causing difficulties

69
Q

functional analysis interview (FAI)

A

. structured interview method
. gathers information about the behaviour of interest, its antecedents, its consequences,
and circumstances and strategies that seem to increase or decrease the behavior

70
Q

Self-report checklists

A

 Problem Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ)
 Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF)

71
Q

Self-report checklists

A

offer a quick and easy alternative to more labor-intensive behavioral assessments

72
Q

the goal of all these behavioural assessments (both direct and indirect)

A

identify the functional relations between
environment and behavior

73
Q

Cognitive assessment

A

incorporate cognitive data into their behavioral assessments
evaluate clients’ ways of thinking about things

74
Q

self-efficacy

A

cognitive estimates of how likely they are to
succeed in performing tasks

75
Q

Intelligence tests

A

–Intelligence tests: used to calculate intelligence quotient (IQ)
–Intelligence not the same as achievement

76
Q

distinguishing intelligence from
achievement

A
  • intelligence is often assumed to consist of innate abilities
  • achievement describes successful performance following learning
77
Q

Neuropsychological and neurological tests

A

–Neuropsychological test: designed to assess things like memory, visuospatial skills, sensorimotor skills, and executive functioning
–Neurological test: physiological tests to measure brain functioning directly

78
Q

Neuropsychological tests

A

–Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test
–Neuropsychological test batteries

79
Q

Neurological tests

A

–Electroencephalogram (EEG)
*Records brain waves
–Neuroimaging techniques
*Positron emission topography (PET scan)
*Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

80
Q

Comorbidity

A

individuals with one type of mental disorder
often develop other types of mental disorders across their lifespan

81
Q

culture bias

A

occurs when diagnostic, formulation, or assessment approaches reflect the
cultural assumptions of those devising them and, consequently, provide misleading results

82
Q

Construct validity bias

A

a test fails to measure what it purports to

83
Q

Content validity bias

A

members of some cultural groups don’t perform as well on a test because
(a) haven’t been exposed to necessary information
(b) give answers that make sense from their cultural perspective but are considered “wrong” by the test developers
or (c) are asked questions in a manner that
culturally doesn’t make sense to them

84
Q

Diagnosis

A

a medical procedure for determining the “nature and circumstances of a diseased condition”; - Diagnosis as merely seeking “the cause or nature of a problem or situation”

85
Q

Definitions of mental disorder:

A

The ICD defines a disorder as an underlying dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes that affects cognition, emotional regulation, and behaviour.;
The DSM-5 definition of mental disorder also locates disorders inside people, defining a disorder as “a syndrome characterised by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.

86
Q

Diagnostic guidelines

A
  • The ICD-10’s diagnostic guidelines utilise a prototype model in which general guidelines describe a syndrome and clinicians are expected to impressionistically use the descriptive guidelines to decide whether a patient’s presentation approximates (or looks enough like) the disorder at hand.
  • DSM diagnostic criteria employ an algorithmic model, in which clinicians are asked to observe countable criteria.
87
Q

Diagnostic validity

A

Diagnostic validity is concerned with whether a diagnostic measure is accurate in measuring what it is supposed to: descriptive, face, predictive, construct and concurrent

88
Q

Interrater reliability

A

A diagnostic category has good interrater reliability when different raters using the same diagnostic criteria or guidelines reach the same diagnosis much of the time.

89
Q

Advantages of DSM and ICD

A
  • DSM and ICD provide a common language for communication among professionals.
  • DSM and ICD are important in getting people treatment.
  • DSM and ICD help advance scientific understanding of mental disorders.
  • DSM and ICD give patients names for their problems and lessen the stigma of mental disorder.
90
Q

Criticisms of DSM and ICD

A
  • DSM and ICD have reliability and validity problems.
  • DSM and ICD “medicalise” everyday problems: trends in DSM: lowering of diagnostic thresholds
  • DSM and ICD’s descriptive-based symptom approach has led to increased use of pharmacological interventions.
  • DSM and ICD have been unable to uncover the etiology of disorders.
  • DSM and ICD not only rely more on political consensus than science, but are also culturally imperious >< Cultural formulation review.
91
Q

Trends for DSM and ICD

A
  • More frequent updates.
  • Move toward dimensional diagnosis: charting degrees of severity for different symptoms rather than dividing disorders into categorical diagnoses.
  • The search for biomarkers
  • Rise of the ICD in the United States.
  • Ongoing controversy but sustained influence.

Abnormal Psychology (3 decks)

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