Week 2 Flashcards
How does neuron works?
action potentials are all-or-none; a neuron either fires or it doesn’t
Excitatory signals
stimulate the brain (causing surrounding neurons to fire) (eg: GABA, norepinephrine)
Inhibitory signals
calm the brain (prevent surrounding neurons to fire) (eg: glutamate, serotonin)
Function of the cerebellum
speech, vision, hearing, movement, sensation, and intelligence
Function of the limbic system
motivation, emotional regulation, and long-term memory
amygdala
basic emotions like fear and anger, excessive -> depression
hippocampus
memory, connected with depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia
orbitofrontal cortex
decision-making
What is an immune system?
The immune system is the system of cells and biological processes used to fight off pathogens (foreign bodies that cause disease, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and cancer cells)
What is general paresis?
It is a syndrome in which individuals show progressive decline in mental functioning, which caused by syphilis virus
What are some strengths of biological perspectives?
- Mental phenomena explained in terms of biological processes.
- Scientific: The biological perspective has generated an enormous amount of research into the relationship between physical and mental functioning.
- Development of psychiatric drugs and other biological interventions
What are some criticisms of biological perspectives?
- Reductionistic: complex psychological phenomena cannot be explained in purely biological terms.
- Everyday problems become “medicalized.”
- Overreliance on psychiatric drugs.
Dominant alleles
mainly influence how particular characteristics genetically unfold
recessive alleles
influence development when a person inherits two of them (only display in rare circumstances)
How do genes work?
Genes provide complex instructions that cells use to manufacture proteins
How does genes and environmental factors result in disorder?
Only when environmental conditions and multiple gene expression align does a psychological problem such as schizophrenia or autism result
What is it like to see from evolutionary perspectives?
Evolutionary theory believe an organism survives and reproduces depends on organism’s fitness, which reflects how well it adapts to the environmentEvolutionary theory believe an organism survives and reproduces depends on organism’s fitness, which reflects how well it adapts to the environment
According to the behavioral perspectives, what mainly shapes abnormalities?
Environmental conditioning
Who developed classical conditioning? Who did they draw major inspiration from in doing so?
John Watson / Ivan Pavlov
In Pavlov’s experiment, how would the salivation of the dog even in the absence of the food be classified?
Conditioned Response
In one of his experiment, John Watson conditioned a baby into fearing a white rat by associating it with a loud noise. What is the name of the baby?
Little Albert
Who is most often associated with operant conditioning?
B.F.Skiiner
In operant conditioning, what influence future behavior?
Reinforcement and punishment
In social learning theory, how does learning mainly occur?
Observing and Modelling