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Human Services Research 2020 > Week 2A (Quiz study) > Flashcards

Week 2A (Quiz study) Flashcards

The Research Process

1
Q

2 main Characteristics of the scientific method are

A
  1. Logic

2. Testing (observation)

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2
Q

3 main Activities of science

A
  1. Theory
  2. Data collection
  3. Data analysis
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3
Q

How do the 2 main Characteristics (c) of science relate to the 3 Activities (a) of science

A
  1. Theory (a) = Logic (c)
  2. Data collection (a) = Observation (c)
  3. Data analysis (a) = Logic and Observation (c)
    Data analysis: compares what should make sense (logic/theory) with what is actually observed (observational/data collection)
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4
Q

3 functions of scientific theory in the social science

A
  1. Description (What something is)
  2. Explanation (Why something is the way it is)
  3. Exploration
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5
Q

Social science theory is NOT

A

A philosophy or belief, it does not make value/moral/ethical judgements i.e.
- Belief: Men and women ‘should’ (value/moral/ethic) be equally respected

  • Scientific theory:
    Men and women are not equally respected (DESCRIPTION)
    because the stereo-type gender-specialised tasks associated with men and women are not equally respected (EXPLANATION)
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6
Q

Science can also be described at a general level as

A

Logico-empirical
(Refers to 2 key pillars/characteristics)
- Logico = Theory (thinking/idea)
- Empirical (Observation) =

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7
Q

(1) Describe and (2) Explanation probable patterns

A
  • General patterns or statistics
  • Exceptions to the rule does not mean that the ‘rule’ (or general pattern does not exist or is not important
  • Personal choice to change one’s mind (free will to behave inconsistently) also doe not mean that a pattern does not occur
  • Both formal and informal rules (or social norms) make social life relatively regular/patterned/probable/likely
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8
Q

(3) Exploring the ‘obvious’

A
  • Of course a doctor earns more money than a plumber!… or do they?
  • Being ‘critical’ is about taking a closer look… (A medical intern may earn more than a plumber working 30 years)
  • Some research may be criticised with the charge of triviality… (That something is too trivial or obvious to test)
  • But… in exploring ‘the obvious’ we can still learn something new.
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9
Q

Isaac Newton: I stand on the shoulders of giants statement refers to

A

That knowledge builds, there are stepping stones

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10
Q

Scientific theory in the social science is concerned with

A

Groups of people or the system in which people operate in

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11
Q

What are 4 theoretical approaches to scientific inquiry

A
  1. Idiographic and Nomothetic reasoning
  2. Inductive and Deductive reasoning
  3. Qualitative and Quantitative research
  4. Pure and applied research
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12
Q
  1. Idiographic and Nomothetic reasoning seeks to explain
A
  • Idiographic explanations: To fully explain one particular scenario (specific)
  • Nomothetic explanation: To partially explain many similar scenarios (general)
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13
Q
  1. Inductive and Deductive reasoning seeks to explain
A
  • Inductive reasoning: Start from a specific situation and then make an inference about a general pattern.
  • Deductive reasoning: Starts at a general pattern and then make an inference about a specific situation.
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14
Q
  1. Qualitative and Quantitative data is
A

Quantitive research:
- Non-numerical and consists of words (i.e. Angela is bright)

Quantitative research:
- Numerical (Angela’s IQ =120)

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15
Q

Advantages of Quantitative and Quantitate data

A

Quantitive: Captures the meaning behind the numbers

Qualitative: Can aggregate, compare and summarise data

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16
Q

Disadvantages of Quantitative and Qualitative data

A

Quantitative: The meaning may be ambiguous so we can’t compare people (language is also socially constructed)

Qualitative: There is a potential loss of richness in meaning

17
Q

Pure and Applied research are conducted

A

Pure:

  • Understanding
  • Knowledge for the sake of knowledge

Applied:

  • Application
  • Make society more humane
  • Use the results of the study to make changes or improve well being.
18
Q

Logic is used to design and develop scientific theory

A
  • That observations are made when collecting data
  • That data analysis compare actually observed or collected with what would logically be expected (as outlined in theory)
19
Q

Scientific theory in the social sciences focuses not on individuals (in the way psychology does)

A
  • But on groups of people and as a result is concerned with the system that influences groups of people
20
Q

Even though there is less regularity in social life than in physical life,, there are

A

Still patterns (but formally prescribed and less informal normative) that can. be investigated in the social sciences.

21
Q

Logic is used to design and develop scientific theory

A
  • That observations are made when collecting data

- That analysis compares actually observed or collected, with what would logically be expected (as outlined in theory)

22
Q

2 parts of basic argument

A
  1. One or more premise

2. A conclusion

23
Q

Argument

A

Made to address a specific problem, by offering a position and providing a reason for hat position.

24
Q

Deductive argument

A

If facts are true, then the conclusions must be true
(i.e. arguments in which the conclusion necessarily follow the premises, if the premise are true then the conclusion is true)

25
Q

Inductive argument

A

Conclusion is supported (but not proven), to be greater or lesser degree, by the premises.
(i.e. the conclusion does not logically follow from the premise/fact.)

26
Q

When making a deductive argument

A
  • Start by examining/uncovering the premises, reasons and evidence. What logical conclusions can you draw from the evidence
  • Avoid jumping to a conclusion of someone else’s argument (agree or not)
    OR
    Picking out your conclusion ahead of time and then trying to justify it
27
Q

Evaluating a deductive argument

A
  1. Are the premises true? (condition or state of things)
  2. Is the form of argument valid? (Premise/fact being true then conclusion MUST be true)

If yes, then you have a sound argument

28
Q

Evaluating an inductive argument

A
  • Evaluation process is different to deductive argument
  1. Are the premises true or acceptable?
  2. Are the premises relevant to the issue at hand?
  3. Are the premises compelling/sufficient enough to justify the conclusion?

Evaluation Measure Argument:

  • Weak
  • Fair, relevant and insufficient or counter-argument
  • Strong, relevant and sufficient

If yes, then you have a sound argument

Human Services Research 2020 (5 decks)

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