Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

advanced blood science - year 2 > Week 2A- Immunophenotyping and cytogenetics > Flashcards

Week 2A- Immunophenotyping and cytogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main features used to define a disease

A

morphology

immuniphenotype

genetics

clinical findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is immunophenotyping

A

looking at cells properties and antigens to characterize cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what can immunophenotyping do

A
  • Can distinguish between normal cells, and neoplastic cells
  • Can analyse millions of cells rapidly
  • Can look at multiple properties of each cell at once
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how can blood cells be distinguished

A

size - forward scatter

internal complexity - side scatter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is flow cytometry a measurement of

A

cells in a flowing medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many events, markers and parameters can flow cytometry have

A

35,000 events / s

up to 10 markers at a time

2 scatter parameters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is is flow cytometry composed of

A

fluidics

optics

electronics (detection)

interpretation software

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the FS, SS and fluorescence split into

A

defined wavelengths and chanelled by a set of filters and mirrors within the flow cytometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why is the fluorescent light filtered in flow cytometry

A

so that each sensor will detect fluorescence only at a specified wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the sensors called that detect fluorescence

A

photomultiplier tubes (PMTs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does Long pass filters allow

A

transmission of photons above a specified wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do band pass filters allow

A

transmission of photons that have wavelengths within a narrow range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do short pass filters allow

A

transmission of photons below a specified wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the electrons system (detection) do

A

convert photons to electrons, which are then converted from analog to digitized data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens to the data in detection

A

binned and stored in digital data file that can be read and analysed with appropriate software

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does doublet exclusion ensure

A

no clumps or doublets are analysed

otherwise the clump is interpreted as one event with the combined properties of all cells in the group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does FACS stand for

A

Fluorescent activated cell sorting

18
Q

what does FACS mean

A

its how flow cytometry can only analyse and sort cells with specific properties using electric charge

19
Q

why is it essential to choose correct combination of fluorochromes

A

so they dont overlap and the equipment can actually excite/read them

20
Q

what is compensation

A

the removal of spectral overlap of emission spectra between fluorochrome like FITC and PE

21
Q

what happens if compensation is incorrect

A

interpreting the data can become extremely difficult or impossible

22
Q

what is the goal of compensation

A

to remove the signal from a given fluorochrome from all neighbouring channels where it is also detected

23
Q

what is gating

A

refers to the selection of successive subpopulations of cells for analysis in flow cytometry

24
Q

what are three types of gates

A

FSC vs SSC

doublet gate to exclude clumps

quadrat parameter plot

25
Q

how does immunophenotyping help with haemotological malignancies

A
  • distinguishes between lymphoid or myeloid
  • distinguishes between benign and malignant
  • small diagonistic role
26
Q

what is CD

A

cluster of differentiation

27
Q

what does the + and - mean on markers

A

presence or absence of a specific antigen from the surface of particular cell population

28
Q

what does hi or low marks indicate

A

cellular expression levels

29
Q

how many defined CD markers are there

A

<300

30
Q

what are the two main branches on oncology cytogenetics

A

FISH

karyotyping

31
Q

what does FISH stand for

A

fluorescence in situ hybridisation

32
Q

what does FISH mean

A

Microscopic examination of either interphase cells or chromosomes for the presence or absence of a fluorescently tagged probe (DNA sequence)

33
Q

how does DNA sequence relate to the FISH probe

A

is complementary to it

34
Q

what happens if the region of interest is present is FISH

A

the probe will bind (hybridise) to the target DNA sequence, which can then be visualised using fluorescent microscopy

35
Q

what happens if the region of interest has been deleted in FISH

A

the probe will not bind to the target DNA and so will not be visualised.

36
Q

what is karyotyping

A

Microscopic examination of the chromosomes – a whole genome screen

37
Q

what can karyotyping detect

A

loss or gain of material in any region of any chromosome as well as both balanced and unbalanced structural rearrangements such as translocations and inversions

38
Q

why is level of detail of karyotyping limited

A

due to resolution of microscope

39
Q

what chromosomes does karyotyping need

A

metaphase chromosomes

40
Q

what is an ideogram

A

where staining shows up banding on chromosomes - each is unique

advanced blood science - year 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions