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advanced blood science - year 2 > Lecture 1 - chemical techniques > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - chemical techniques Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an analyte

A

the chemical/substance of interest to be detected in the test

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2
Q

what measurable characteristics must analytes have

A

light emission

light absorbance

charge

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3
Q

what must there be for a quantification of an analyte

A

predicatable relationship between the measureable effect and the amount of analyte

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4
Q

what is accuracy

A

closeness of a results to the true value

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5
Q

what is precision

A

closeness of repeated results

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6
Q

what is sensitivity

A

smallest amount that can be accurately measured

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7
Q

what is specificity

A

ability to measure only the analyte of interest

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8
Q

what are the qualities of an analytical test

A

robustness - no interferences

ruggedness - consistency w small changes

time - how many can happen at the same time

cost - machines

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9
Q

what is robustness

A

consistency in the presence of interferences

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10
Q

what is ruggedness

A

consistency throughout small changes in conditions

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11
Q

what is an immune complex

A

the specific reaction between an antibody and an antigen

antigen-antibody complex

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12
Q

what does the amount of immune complex indicate in immunoassay

A

the amount of analyte in the sample

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13
Q

what is a tracer

A

a radioactive isotope label on an assay component

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14
Q

what are radioactive isotopes

A

unstable variants of atoms that spontaneously transform to a more stable state emitting energy

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15
Q

what can radioactive isotopes be measured by

A

using a Geiger counter or scintillation counter

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16
Q

what are common isotopes

A

iodine: I125, I131

tritium: 3H

17
Q

what does enzyme labes use

A

catalytic properties of enzymes to generate coloured, fluorescent
or luminescent compounds from the substrate

18
Q

what can single enzyme labels produce

A

many detectable product molecules which enhances assay sensitivity

19
Q

what are common enzyme labels

A

alkaline phosphatase

horseradish peroxidase

20
Q

why are coloured dyes used in lateral flow and pregnancy test

A

labels the specific antibody for the analyte

21
Q

what are colorimetric assays detected by

A

spectrophotometer

22
Q

what does a fluorphore do

A

absorbs light at one wavelength and reemits light at a longer wavelength

23
Q

what do lanthide chelates do

A

absorb light and then use that energy to emit fluorescence - can be detected with a fluorimeter

24
Q

what can break down a chemiluminescent substrate

A

enzymes such as adamantyl phosphate

25
Q

what detects light emission

A

luminometer

26
Q

why are immunoassays useful in a clinical lab

A

highly specific

sensitive

can be manufactured on a large scale

can be automated

27
Q

what do labs use immunoassay for

A

hormones

antibodies

pregnancy

urine albumin

28
Q

what is optical density measured by

A

passing a beam of white light through the mixture and measuring the amount of absorbance

29
Q

what happens in photometric assay

A

a reagent is added to the sample, resulting in a reaction that causes the mixture to undergo an optical change, which can be measured

30
Q

what is an example of photometric assays

A

bradford essay to measure protein concentration

31
Q

whats the difference between a photometer and a spectrophotometer

A

spectro uses light of a single wavelength, rather than white account

32
Q

why is absorbance an idea method in the lab

A

quick and easy

cheap

reproducible

readily integrated into automation

33
Q

what is turbidimetry

A

measure of the cloudiness of a sample

34
Q

how is turbidimetry measured

A

light is passed through a sample and scattered or absorbed by solid particles in the suspension

35
Q

what does the amount of scattering in turbidimetry depend on

A

concentration of particles

size of particles

distribution of particles

wavelength of light source

36
Q

does turbidimetry follow the Beer-Lamber Law

A

No

37
Q

what does ion selective electrodes compare

A

the electric potential generated across a membrane by specific ions (Eise) to a reference electrode (Eref)

38
Q

what is the principal of potentiometry

A

The strength of this net charge (ECell) is directly proportional to the concentration of the selected ion.

39
Q
A

advanced blood science - year 2 (12 decks)

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