week 21 Flashcards

Question

EXCEPTION (treatment-wise)

Answer 1

borderline PD (and avoidant PD) because these are both focused on neuroticism (feelings of pain and suffering) and they will seek treatments to alleviate symptoms contrastingly........ narcissistic ppl are least likely to want to get treatment.

Answer 2

The prevalence of personality disorders within clinical settings is estimated to be well above 50% As many as 60% of inpatients within some clinical settings are diagnosed with borderline personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder may be diagnosed in as many as 50% of inmates within a correctional setting 10% to 15% of the general population meets criteria for at least one of the 10 DSM-IV-TR personality disorders and quite a few more individuals are likely to have maladaptive personality traits not covered by one of the 10 DSM-5 diagnoses.

Answer 3

Dialectical behavior therapy and mentalization therapy Dialectical behavior therapy is a form of cognitive-behavior therapy (draws on principles from Zen Buddhism, dialectical philosophy, and behavioral science) four components: - individual therapy - group skills training - telephone coaching - therapist consultation team *typically last a full year* relatively expensive form of treatment, but research has indicated that its benefits far outweighs its costs, both financially and socially

Answer 4

- many PDs are known to be unresponsive to treatment - the 10 PDs are very heterogeneous and only 5 of 9 symptoms are enough to diagnose borderline for example - aka lots of overlap - many ppl with one pd meet diagnostic criteria for another ALSO ppl rarely seek treatment for thier disorder which is why so little treatment exists

Answer 5

nucleus accumbens also: connects motivation and action

Answer 6

"They likely involve genetic and environmental factors"

Answer 7

(skipped 2)

Answer 8

phsychoanalysis: earliest treatment for mental disorders freud's theory - rooted in unconscious conflicts and desires (which need to be identified and addressed) - exploring childhood experiences - often long term approach treatment

Answer 9

freud first thought: ---mental health problems come from suppressing inappropriate sexual urges out of conscious awareness freud's structural model: (problems come from tension between different parts of the mind) - id - ego - superego psychoanalysis then got mostly transformed into psychodynamic therapy (using main ideas from but more specific to each person)

Answer 10

analysis: was the OG dynamic: altered version ---> more individualized - more broadly defined - briefer - more effort to put clients into their social context - more on relieving psychological distress than changing the person ---------------------- DISADVANTAGES: - expensive (cuz long term) - not enough empirical support - doesn't work for patients with sever psycopathology and intellectual disability ---------------------- The key to psychoanalytic theory : - patients uncover the buried, - conflicting content of their mind, TECHNIQUES: - seating patients to face away from them—to promote a freer self-disclosure. - as a therapist spends more time with a patient, the therapist can come to view their relationship with the patient as another reflection of the patient’s mind.

Answer 11

problems come from tension between different parts of the mind: - id the pleasure driven unconscious urges (Sex / aggression) - ego partialy conscious between id and superego - superego semi-conscious part of the mind (morals and societal judgment)

Answer 12

When you're asked to say all of your thoughts out loud without censorship therapist interprets it often applied to childhood recollections to get understanding of patient's psychological makeup

Answer 13

dreams contain: - manifest (or literal) content - latent (or symbolic) content (the interpretation of the manifest content)

Answer 14

That is, the patient may be displacing feelings for people in their life (e.g., anger toward a parent) onto the therapist.

Answer 15

opposite of transference, therapist putting emotions onto the patient

Answer 16

creating a supportive environment for self-discovery believes mental illness comes from inconsistency between behaviour and person's true self essentially feel comfy within you, have self worth, and behave true to you. DISCOVERED BY: CARL ROGERS in mid 20th century. HE BELIEVED: -- all ppl have capability to change and improve --therapist should help patient find self worth ---patient - therapist relationship should have egalitarian (equal) relationship --- therapist should be empathetic and nonjudgemental In PCT, the patient should experience both a vulnerability to anxiety, which motivates the desire to change, and an appreciation for the therapist’s support.

Answer 17

largely unstructured conversation between the therapist--> patient therapist takes PASSIVE role, guidance in patients self discovery (unlike psychoanalytical theory) og name was non-directive therapy (flexible nature of therapy) therapists don't try to change patients thoughts/ behaviours directly (kinda like in good will hunting??) therapist = safe environment therapist’s unconditional positive regard for the patient’s feelings and behaviours (no criticism)

Answer 18

advantages: -- highly acceptable by patients -- transfer well to other therapy styles disadvantages: --unspecific treatment factors (focus on one size fits all treating everyone with empathy / kindness)

Answer 19

changing thoughts and behaviours to alleviate mental illness -- focused on the NOW rather than the past & childhood experiences -- how bad thought --> bad emotion--> bad behaviour --> how to fix -- often homework assignment involved -- 12-16 weekly sessions (relatively short) --- empirical data has shown it to be efficient for basically all psychiatric illnesses ------------------------- mid-20th century by Beck and Ellis

Answer 20

spontaneous thoughts that ppl with depression report having Beck (CBT guy) said automatic thoughts come from 3 belief systems: 1) beliefs of self 2) beliefs of world 3) beliefs of future

Answer 21

The process of identifying, evaluating, and changing maladaptive thoughts in psychotherapy. (in CBT)

Answer 22

reinforces the validity of the maladaptive thought CBT works on fixing this with stuff like homework excersizes.

Answer 23

(used in CBT) patient confronts the problematic situation and fully engages in experience instead of avoiding. goal: to reduce fear of situation through extintction learning

Answer 24

neurobiological / cognitive process by which person unlearns the irrational fear

Answer 25

advantages: - brief - cost effective - intuitive/logical to patients - can be adapted to different populations - lots of empirical support - considered first line treatment for a lot of disorders disadvantages: - significant participation from patient (can be hard to get)

Answer 26

Meaning, it is not the event per se, but rather one’s assumptions (including interpretations and perceptions) of the event that are responsible for one’s emotional response to it. aka its not the thing, but your interpretation of the thing.

Answer 27

CBT believes ur interpretation of certain events / things / ideas shapes your emotions and behaviour (yeah no shit) A - Antecedent event B - Belief C - Consequence during CBT patient has to do "detective" work on sequence of events, responses to them, and validity of beliefs (through behaviour experiments and reasoning)

Answer 28

age old buddhist / yoga practices A process that reflects a nonjudgmental, yet attentive, mental state. awareness of bodily sensations, thoughts, outside environments. TWO STEPS: 1) self-regulation of attention, 2) orientation toward the present moment compared to CBT doesn't work to overcome maladaptive thought, but rather just accepts it and that it's a spontaneous thought. DRAWS ATTENTION AWAY FROM PAST AND FUTURE STRESSORS - acceptance of thoughts - physical relaxation

Answer 29

rather than reducing one’s general stress of specific problem, attention is focused on one’s thoughts and their associated emotions. - helps prevent relapses in depression by encouraging patients to evaluate their own thoughts objectively and without value judgment CBT is more “pushing out” the maladaptive thought, MBCT is more “not getting caught up” in it. MBCT has helped: -depression - anxiety - chronic pain - coronary artery disease - fibromyalgia

Answer 30

- meditation - yoga aka physical relaxation to reduce stress basically if reduce person's overall stress, they'll be in a better state to process / objectively evaluate thoughts and emotions

Answer 31

skills for fixing maladaptive thoughts and behaviours often for treating borderline personality disorder employs CBT and MBT example of skills: - distress tolerance (ways to cope with maladaptive thoughts and emotions in the moment cutting --> rubber band example different from CBT in that: DBT --> techniques that address the symptoms of the problem (e.g., cutting oneself) rather than the problem itself (e.g., understanding the psychological motivation to cut oneself). CBT does not teach such skills cuz skills could be harmful in long term (keeps the same maladaptive thought / behaviour) training because of the concern that the skills—even though they may help in the short-term—may be harmful in the long-term, by maintaining maladaptive thoughts and behaviours. founded on the perspective of a dialectical worldview aka not everything black and white but theres lots of grey in the middle where things have both characteristics of good and bad. So, in a case involving maladaptive thoughts, instead of teaching that a thought is entirely bad, DBT tries to help patients be less judgmental of their thoughts (as with mindfulness-based therapy)

Answer 32

ways to cope with maladaptive thoughts and emotions in the moment

Answer 33

not everything black and white but there's lots of grey in the middle where things have both characteristics of good and bad. emphasizes the joint importance of change and acceptance.

Answer 34

patients observe their thoughts from detached perspective they're not told to fix anything just to observe and recognize whats harmful and whats beneficial

Answer 35

advantages: - accessible - acceptable - efficient for anxiety / mood disorders - cuz yoga / meditation widely known--> consumers of mental healthcare often interested in trying related psychological therapies. disadvantages: - no consensus of efficiancy among psychologists (but it is growing)

Answer 36

internet-and mobile-delivered therapies (more accessible to patients) Using exercises (e.g., computer games) to change problematic thinking habits. example: alcoholic tapping on healthy image rather than image of alcohol --> learns to ignore alcohol cues in environment however processes like this require further research

Answer 37

drugs used to improve effect of the therapy based on animal tested research there are drugs that influence bio processes of learning SOOO if they take learning enhancing drugs while learning psychotherapy, it will be more effective EXAMPLE: d-cycloserine improves treatment for anxiety disorders by facilitating the learning processes that occur during exposure therapy

Answer 38

having more than one physical or mental disorders at the same time.

Answer 39

psychiatric drugs frequently used for other mental disorders (e.g., schizofrenia, BD) - used a lot cuz they can be prescribed by general medical practitioners rather than a trianed psycologist prescribes psychotherapy While drugs and CBT therapies tend to be almost equally effective, choosing the best intervention depends on the disorder and individual being treated, as well as other factors—such as treatment availability and comorbidity

Answer 40

combining multiple types of therapies (e.g., CBT with psychoanalytic elements). For example, a therapist may employ distress tolerance skills from DBT (to resolve short-term problems), cognitive reappraisal from CBT (to address long-standing issues), and mindfulness-based meditation from MBCT (to reduce overall stress). And, in fact, between 13% and 42% of therapists have identified their own approaches as integrative or eclectic