Week 17 (motivation and emotion) Flashcards
Drive State
An emotional state motivating you to do smth that restores homeostasis so u can survive.
Uses both punishments and rewards
differences between drive states: external or internal cues
Homeostasis
Maintenance of stability of physiologial systems
SET POINT & DOING STUFF TO BRING BACK TO SET POINT
left frontal cortex (reward system)
More active during desire &interest (appetitive emotions)
The more activation of it, the higher the dopamine levels.
Damage is !associated! with depression
Activated in infants as soon as they taste smth sweet (or in hungry adults when they see food)
Reward System (broad definition/function)
Neural structures involved in incentive salience (aka going after feel good things)
- craving, anticipation, excitement, etc.
Amygdala (in context of reward system)
Conditioned learning —> remembering reactions / emotions after a certain stimulus
Nucleus Accumbens (in context of reward system)
Connection between motivation and action.
(thing Accumbens = Arianna, “I want it –> I got it” )
Hedonic Hunger
For pleasure rather than for survival
(think hedonic sounds like demonic? and like fast food is evil, idfk man)
Palatibility / paltable
When food has higher hedonic value than other food
cake > carrots
Why does sugar & fat give us a 130-160% dopamine increase?
Adaptive food preference
Cuz back in the day it was really hard to find food that had so many calories and we’re adapted to feel good after it for survival.
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
Responsible for Hunger.
lesions: Aphagia (lack of eating)
and Adipsia (lack of drinking)
Stimulate: “voracious feeding” will not stop
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) (Hunger context)
Responsible for Satiation.
lesions: Hyperaphagia (aka obesity)
stimulate: Reduced feeding
Hunger (trigger?)
Low glucose levels in blood
OR
when fats are broken down for energy
—> a chemical cue is sent that says body needs food.
Sensory Cortices (for hunger)
Visual, olfactory, taste
Orbitofrontal cortex
has secondary taste cortex, in which the reward value of taste is represented
fires neurons more rapidly at sight/smell/taste of food (if person is hungry)
Narrowing of Attention (3 things that happen)
A. T. E.
1) Attention
(is directed to biological needs)
2) Time
(goes by slower and you lose patience)
3) Egocentric
(you’re focused on YOU)
Preoptic area
sexual arousal in MEN (in hypothalamous)
VMH (sexual context) & Estradiol
WOMEN sexual arousal (vs preoptic area in men)
Neurons here determine exertion of estradiol (estrogen hormone) that regulates how likely a woman is to accept sex (sexual receptivity)
Periaqueductal Gray
DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOURS
aka freezing / high blood pressure/running
(impulses sent from VMH in many mamals)
ALL THESE ARE WEAKENED DURING SEXUAL AROUSAL
Hunger cycle
you haven’t eaten
low blood glucose
increase LH activity
EAT
increase blood glucose
increase VMH activity
Done eating
EXPERIMENT: mood based on hunger
IV: food deprived women VS satiated women
DV: Self reported mood
RESULT: hungry women felt more tense/tired/angry/less confident/less vigorous
EXPERIMENT: rat / pleasure vs pain
Rat hits switch that causes pleasure regardless if it gets electrocuted in the process because reward is worth it
EXPERIMENT: palatability of milkshake
IV: palatability (milkshake VS tasteless milkshake)
Result: there was more dopamine released for actual milkshake and more desire for it
EXPERIMENT: Recognizing food speed
among a list of objects how fast can ppl recognize a food object vs non food object
fast food vs japanese food vs cutlery
fast food wins.
and also food tends to catch our attention even if not hungry.
