Week 17 (motivation and emotion)

Question 1

Drive State

Answer 1

An emotional state motivating you to do smth that restores homeostasis so u can survive.

Uses both punishments and rewards

differences between drive states: external or internal cues

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

Maintenance of stability of physiologial systems

SET POINT & DOING STUFF TO BRING BACK TO SET POINT

Question 3

left frontal cortex (reward system)

Answer 3

More active during desire &interest (appetitive emotions)

The more activation of it, the higher the dopamine levels.

Damage is !associated! with depression

Activated in infants as soon as they taste smth sweet (or in hungry adults when they see food)

Question 4

Reward System (broad definition/function)

Answer 4

Neural structures involved in incentive salience (aka going after feel good things)

• craving, anticipation, excitement, etc.

Question 5

Amygdala (in context of reward system)

Answer 5

Conditioned learning —> remembering reactions / emotions after a certain stimulus

Question 6

Nucleus Accumbens (in context of reward system)

Answer 6

Connection between motivation and action.
(thing Accumbens = Arianna, “I want it –> I got it” )

Question 7

Hedonic Hunger

Answer 7

For pleasure rather than for survival

(think hedonic sounds like demonic? and like fast food is evil, idfk man)

Question 8

Palatibility / paltable

Answer 8

When food has higher hedonic value than other food

cake > carrots

Question 9

Why does sugar & fat give us a 130-160% dopamine increase?

Answer 9

Adaptive food preference

Cuz back in the day it was really hard to find food that had so many calories and we’re adapted to feel good after it for survival.

Question 10

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

Answer 10

Responsible for Hunger.

lesions: Aphagia (lack of eating)
and Adipsia (lack of drinking)

Stimulate: “voracious feeding” will not stop

Question 11

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) (Hunger context)

Answer 11

Responsible for Satiation.

lesions: Hyperaphagia (aka obesity)

stimulate: Reduced feeding

Question 12

Hunger (trigger?)

Answer 12

Low glucose levels in blood
OR
when fats are broken down for energy
—> a chemical cue is sent that says body needs food.

Question 13

Sensory Cortices (for hunger)

Answer 13

Visual, olfactory, taste

Question 14

Orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 14

has secondary taste cortex, in which the reward value of taste is represented

fires neurons more rapidly at sight/smell/taste of food (if person is hungry)

Question 15

Narrowing of Attention (3 things that happen)

Answer 15

A. T. E.

1) Attention
(is directed to biological needs)

2) Time
(goes by slower and you lose patience)

3) Egocentric
(you’re focused on YOU)

Question 16

Preoptic area

Answer 16

sexual arousal in MEN (in hypothalamous)

Question 17

VMH (sexual context) & Estradiol

Answer 17

WOMEN sexual arousal (vs preoptic area in men)
Neurons here determine exertion of estradiol (estrogen hormone) that regulates how likely a woman is to accept sex (sexual receptivity)

Question 18

Periaqueductal Gray

Answer 18

DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOURS

aka freezing / high blood pressure/running
(impulses sent from VMH in many mamals)

ALL THESE ARE WEAKENED DURING SEXUAL AROUSAL

Question 19

Hunger cycle

Answer 19

you haven’t eaten
low blood glucose
increase LH activity
EAT
increase blood glucose
increase VMH activity
Done eating

Question 20

EXPERIMENT: mood based on hunger

Answer 20

IV: food deprived women VS satiated women

DV: Self reported mood

RESULT: hungry women felt more tense/tired/angry/less confident/less vigorous

Question 21

EXPERIMENT: rat / pleasure vs pain

Answer 21

Rat hits switch that causes pleasure regardless if it gets electrocuted in the process because reward is worth it

Question 22

EXPERIMENT: palatability of milkshake

Answer 22

IV: palatability (milkshake VS tasteless milkshake)
Result: there was more dopamine released for actual milkshake and more desire for it

Question 23

EXPERIMENT: Recognizing food speed

Answer 23

among a list of objects how fast can ppl recognize a food object vs non food object

fast food vs japanese food vs cutlery

fast food wins.

and also food tends to catch our attention even if not hungry.