Question 1

what are units of linguistic form

Accepted Answer

``` Discourse Text Clause Group/Phrase Word Morpheme Phoneme ```

Question 2

ORTHOGRAPHIC DEFINITION OF WORD

Accepted Answer

A (written) word is a string of letters bounded by a space or a punctuation mark at each end...

Question 3

PHONOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF WORD

Accepted Answer

A (spoken) word allows only one main stress and is bounded by pauses e.g. ‘blackbird is one word, ‘black ‘bird is two

Question 4

SEMANTIC DEFINITION OF WORD

Accepted Answer

The word is the smallest meaningful form that can occur in isolation

Question 5

MAIN PROBLEMS IN DEFINING ‘WORD’

Accepted Answer

many ‘words’ don’t fit the orthographic categories
“unit of meaning” is problematic since ‘meaning’ is overly vague and difficult to define

words have different forms but they aren’t necessarily different words (e.g. talk, talks, talked)

words can have same form but different (unrelated) meanings (e.g. bass, bass; tear, tear)

multiword expressions are problematic since they function as a single unit but include multiple orthographic words (e.g. kick the bucket)

Question 6

content words

Accepted Answer

``` Content words (lexical) • Nouns • Verbs • Adjectives and adverbs • Also known as ‘open set words’. • Carry more ‘content’ (meaning) • You certainly don’t know all these in your L1 ```

Question 7

function words

Accepted Answer

``` Function words (grammatical) • Pronouns • Conjunctions • Articles • Auxiliary verbs • Prepositions ? • Also known as ‘closed set words’. It is hard to coin a new grammatical word. • Hard to define • You probably know all these in your L1 ```

Question 8

free morphemes

Accepted Answer

Can occur independently e.g. Table, soap, platform, interval, enzyme, horse, happy, cry, and

Question 9

bound morphemes

Accepted Answer

Must be ‘attached’ to another morpheme e.g. Un- (unhappy), -s (horses), -ing (crying), -able (desirable), -ism (elitism), re- (redo)

Question 10

lexeme

Accepted Answer

is an abstract notion of a word which includes all its lexical forms, i.e. its inflections.

Question 11

lemma

Accepted Answer

is the base free form of a lexeme. It is the form that is used for a dictionary entry.

Question 12

LEXICAL ITEM

Accepted Answer

captures the orthographic, phonological, grammatical, and semantic properties of words more technical and precise than ‘word’ allows us to categorise single unit items when ‘word’ may cause

Question 13

what did lakoff say about categorization?

Accepted Answer

“Categorization is not a matter to be taken lightly. There is nothing more basic than categorization to our thought, perception, action, and speech. Every time we see something as a kind of thing. For example, a tree, we are categorizing. Whenever we reason about kinds of things - chairs, nations, illnesses, emotions, any kind of thing at all - we are employing categories.” - Without the ability to categorize, we could not function at all, either in the physical world or in our social and intellectual lives.” Lakoff (1987)

Question 14

prototype

Accepted Answer

most typical example of the category some members (items) are better examples of the category than others e.g. more representative

Question 15

what are the 10 word classes?

Accepted Answer

Noun (cat, love, decision, flour, flower, ...) • Verb (learn, eat, kick, think, be, have, ...) Determiner (the, a, five, many, his, Jane’s, ...) Adjective (red, easy, kind, generous, ...) Adverb (easily, kindly, generously, very ...) Preposition (in, out, from, about, on, ...) Auxiliary verb (be, have, do) Modal verb (can, could, may, will, ...) Pronoun (you, I, me, we, him, she, ...) Conjunction (when, but, because, ...)

week 2- word categorisation Flashcards