Week 2 Vocab

Question 1

Linguistic Competance

Answer 1

System of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language

Question 2

Linguistic Performance

Answer 2

the way a language system is used in communication

Question 3

performance errors

Answer 3

errors made by a learner who is tired or rushed. Not competency errors.

Question 4

Speech Communication Chain

Answer 4

connection between a speaker and a listener via audio, visual, or electronic means of communication.

Question 5

Speech Communication Chain Steps

Answer 5

1)Linguistic Form: speaker chooses what to say 2)Psychological Form: speaker chooses how to say 3)Acoustic: Speaker forms sounds/signs/types 4)physiological: receiver hears/sees/reads message 5)linguistic: listener processes and understands message

Question 6

noise

Answer 6

a sound, especially loud or unpleasant, that causes a disturbance

Question 7

lexicon

Answer 7

the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge.

Question 8

mental grammar

Answer 8

grammar stored in one’s brain to produce language that can be understood by others

Question 9

language variation

Answer 9

regional, social, or contextual variations in the way people are saying the same thing. (pop, soda, coke)

Question 10

Evidence Writing and Language Differ

Answer 10

1) Almost everyone can speak, or gesture, to communicate. Not everyone can read and write meaningful content. 2) Humans learn to speak within the first 2 years of life (normally developed humans) but written language is based off of the acquisition of spoken language. 3) Spoken language morphs and changes relatively quickly over time-pronunciations/slang/etc. Written language changes much more slowly if at all. 4) Written language can be preserved for a millenia, while spoken language recording is a newer technology and not permanent.

Question 11

Descriptive Grammar

Answer 11

a set of rules about language that are based on how the language is actually used. There is no right or wrong.

Question 12

Prescriptive Grammar

Answer 12

a set of rules that are based on how people think a language should be used.

Question 13

Three Reasons people believe writing is superior to Speech

Answer 13

1) Written language is duable and lasting. It does not change on a whim. 2) Written langauge has rules and structure, its organized. 3) While spoken word tends to be fleeting, “in the moment”, written language can be read at different times, can be re-read, and take time understanding a message.

Question 14

prescribe

Answer 14

instructions or rules for others to follow

Question 15

modes of communication

Answer 15

verbal, nonverbal, written, visual. Visual, Aural, Gestural, Spatial, Linguistic

Question 16

semanticity

Answer 16

the use of arbitrary or non-arbitrary signals to transmit meaningful messages.

Question 17

pragmatic function

Answer 17

the meaning a speaker wishes to convey to listeners

Question 18

interchangability

Answer 18

humans can give and receive identical linguistic signals

Question 19

cultural transmission

Answer 19

The process through which cultural elements, such as beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, are passed on or taught.

Question 20

arbitrariness

Answer 20

the absense of any natural or neccessary connection between a word’s meaning and its sound or form.

Question 21

convention

Answer 21

rules for conveying messages, combinations or way that a writer manipulates language.

Question 22

non-arbitrary

Answer 22

not subject to individual determination;

Question 23

iconic

Answer 23

the resemblance or similarity of a form/symbol and its meaning

Question 24

onomatopoeia

Answer 24

a word that is spelled how the thing sounds. IE POW BOOM ZIP

Question 25

conventionalized

Answer 25

the continuous mutual coordination and matching of communication knowledge and practices

Question 26

sound symbolism

Answer 26

vocal sounds or phonemes carry meaning on their own.

Question 27

discreteness

Answer 27

human language is made of distinct sounds. a sound on its own means one thing, combined sounds mean another.

Question 28

displacement

Answer 28

the ability to communicate about things that are not physically present, not in the here and now.

Question 29

productivity

Answer 29

the degree to which native speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process

Question 30

modality

Answer 30

language is used to describe possible or desireable situations

Question 31

4 myths about sign languages

Answer 31

1) Sign Language is universal. 2) The d/Deaf can read lips to understand what you’re saying. 3) If you speak slowly and increase volume they will understand you better. 4) Sign Language is not a real language.

Question 32

Charles Hocketts 9 design features for a system to be considered a language

Answer 32

mode of communication, semanticity, pragmatic function, interchangeability, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness, displacement.

Question 33

Differences between Codes and Language

Answer 33

1)code is schematic, 2) natural language is more free to change, 3) language is a system of communication, 4) code is not a language, more like a set of conventions.