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bio 7 > week 2, viruses and bacteria > Flashcards

week 2, viruses and bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

what is a genome?

A
  1. DNA or RNA
  2. single or double stranded
  3. linear or circular
  4. single or multiple piece
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2
Q

what is a capsid?

A

protein shell

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3
Q

what is a capsomere?

A

the protein subunit of a capsid

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4
Q

when a virus is helical it is…

A

rod-shaped

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5
Q

what is the different between an polyhedral virus and a complex virus?

A

a polyhedral virus is icosahedral while a complex has an icosahedral head and helical tail

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6
Q

can allow only parasites to replicate inside host cells

A

obligate intracellular parasite

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7
Q

true or false

viruses gain enzymes for making macromolecules

A

false

viruses lack enzymes for making macromolecules

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8
Q

this limits the number of species a virus can infect

A

host range

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9
Q

what is the lytic cycle?

A

a replicative cycle that ends in death of a host cell

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10
Q

what virus replicates ONLY by the lytic cycle?

A

virulent

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11
Q

when a virus uses lysogenic replicative style…

A

temperate

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12
Q

this type of bacteria defense is when not all cells in a population will have the exact same surface receptor protein to match virus (natural immunity)

A

genetic diversity

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13
Q

what are restriction enzymes?

A

bacterial enzymes that recognize foreign DNA and cut it

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14
Q

CRISPR - cas system

A

long-term targeted defense against specific viruses

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15
Q

what do cas nucleuses do?

A

search out and cut up any DNA identified in the CRISPR region

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16
Q

when bacteria evolves to avoid viral infection and viruses evolves to beat bacterial defenses…

A

evolutionary arms race

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17
Q

this virus has an envelope derived from the host cell

A

enveloped virus

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18
Q

this virus does not have an envelope

A

naked virus

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19
Q

a harmless derivative of a pathogen that stimulates immune system to mount strong defense against it

A

vaccine

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20
Q

an infectious nucleic acid with no protein coat

A

viroid

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21
Q

what is a prion?

A

infectious self-replicating protein, no nucleic acid

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22
Q

small nuclear DNA that can be shared between bacteria

A

plasmids

no organelles

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23
Q

DNA segments that can jump to different sections of the cell’s genome

A

transposons

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24
Q

what are common shapes of bacteria?

A

coccus, bacillus, spiral (spirochete/spirillum)

25
Q

gram positive bacteria means…

A

can be stained by crystal violet due to thick peptidoglycan layer

26
Q

gram negative bacteria means…

A

can not be stained by crystal violet due to extra lipopolysaccharide layer

27
Q

what is a cell wall?

A

extra layer of peptidoglycan that surrounds cell membrane

28
Q

what is fimbriae

A

shorter, hair-like extensions to adhere to surfaces

29
Q

a sticky outer layer to adhere to surfaces, defense barrier

A

capsule

30
Q

what is an endospore?

A

a tough bacteria spore that can resist damage and remain dormant

can survive UV radiation, desiccation, high temp, freezing, chemical disinfectants

31
Q

what are appendages that join bacteria cells to exchange DNA

A

pili

32
Q

this region of cytosol that contains the chromosomes

A

nucleoid

33
Q

true or false

genetic recombination is horizontal gene transfer

A

true

34
Q

what is the uptake of foreign DNA from the environment?

A

transformation

35
Q

what is the uptake of foreign DNA via a virus?

A

transduction

36
Q

conjugation is when…

A

DNA transfer between two prokaryotic cells via a pilus

37
Q

how many genes are needed to form a pilus?
during the F factor

A

25

38
Q

factor on a plasmid, can transfer conjugation ability to other cells is called

A

F Plasmid: F

39
Q

antibiotic resistance is when…

A

genes that give bacteria ability to survive specific antibiotics

40
Q

“self feeders” make their own food

A

autotrophs

41
Q

what do heterotrophs do?

A

“eat others” consume material from living/dead organisms

42
Q

anaerobic method to generare energy

A

fermentation

43
Q

symbiosis

A

two different organisms living in close physical association

44
Q

mutualism is when…

A

both parties benefit

45
Q

commensalism is when…

A

one benefits, other is unaffected

46
Q

parasitism is when…

A

one benefits, other is harmed

ex. pathogens

47
Q

when chemicals are secreted by the bacteria out of the cell

A

exotoxin

48
Q

chemicals in cell wall are released when bacteria dies

A

endotoxin

49
Q

what is opportunistic infection?

A

commensal bacteria (one benefits, the other is unaffected) that take advantage of an opening

ex. staphylococcus aureus - flesh eating bacteria

50
Q

what does MRSA stand for?

A

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

51
Q

a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria…

A

proteobacteria

52
Q

this phylum contains escherichia (E. Coli), salmonella (stomach flu) and vibrio (diarrhea)

A

proteobacteria

53
Q

this phylum has photosynthesis and carbon fixation

A

cyanobacteria

54
Q

this phylum contains spiral gram-negative bacteria, treponema (syphilis)

A

spirochete

55
Q

this phylum has extremely small parasites

A

chlamydiae

contains chlamydia

56
Q

the phylum firmicutes contains…

A

endospore forming bacteria

57
Q

staphylococcus, bacillus and clostridium belong to what phylum

A

firmicutes

58
Q

crenarcheota bacteria are…

A

thermophile - live at high temp
acidophile - live at low pH (in acid)

59
Q

this phylum produces methane from anaerobic fermentation and also live at high salt concentration

A

euryarchaeota

bio 7 (4 decks)

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